中国园林·刊首语(2022-08) | 王向荣：城市中的野性自然

《中国园林》

Vol. 38  2022-08 | 320

本期主题：荒野与再野化

为配合2022年北京冬奥会的举办，具有百年历史的京张铁路被改造为高速铁路，并在城区段移入地下。铁路入地以后，自生的草本植物、灌木和乔木在封闭的铁路沿线不断萌发，虽然仅仅过去4年时间，土壤又极为贫瘠，但是在自然力的作用下，自生植被已经基本覆盖了铁路两侧的地表，且植被愈来愈茂盛，植物种类也愈来愈丰富，曾经的铁路变为城市中一条野生的自然地带。不知即将建设的京张铁路遗址公园，是否会有选择地保留一些铁路沿线的自生植被和部分自然衍生的区域，从而成为城市中一条具有自然野性的生态廊道？

城市中总会有一些因各种原因在一段时间内被废弃的土地，只要能承接阳光和降水，植物就会在这些土地上萌发生长，并衍生出相应的群落，形成物种丰富的自然生境。自生植物的不断生长与演替实际上是城市特定地段的一个野化的过程，是野生状态的自然逐渐回归土地的过程。

这些自生植物是物竞天择、适者生存的结果。在自然状态下植物自由生长，相互竞争，从而形成适宜所处环境的种群结构及动态变化的生态系统，具有强大的环境适应性和韧性。这类生态系统具有自我维系、持续演变和不断完善的能力，是城市中最接近原生状态的稳定的生态系统。

成片的自生植物一般只能恣意生长在人无法接近的土地上，人们通常认为城市中的野生自然是杂乱、无序、破败和消极的，充满威胁与不确定性。芜杂的野地似乎与我们所追求的方便舒适的城市生活及整洁光鲜的城市风景格格不入，许多城市管理者也会觉得野生自然有损城市的环境品质，在管理上存在一定的困难。所以一旦人们再次关注、改造和利用这片土地，场地上的自生植被通常都会被铲除，即使转化为城市绿地，自生植物也往往会被精心选择的观赏性植物取代。

从城市与自然相互关系的演变来看，城市发展的进程就是城市逐渐远离野性自然的过程。所以在城市中不易见到具有一定面积的野生自然区域，原因在于人们很难接纳在现代化的城市中出现这类荒蛮野地。城市中这类野生自然存续下去的机会在于，除了能延续其生态功能外，这片土地还能满足市民的使用需求、彰显历史与文化的意义、符合人们的审美习惯，从而发挥出生态、社会、经济、文化和美学的综合价值。就如2019年建成的“京张铁路遗址公园五道口至北四环的启动区”段，设计团队对场地中的自生植被给予了相当程度的保留，同时增加了大量草本植物，通过模拟自然群落的种植方式，将800m长的铁路沿线废弃地转变为一处充满自然野趣并具有历史积淀的城市公共空间和生态廊道。

城市中需要野生的原真性自然，因为由自然过程主导形成的野生自然在维持和改善城市生态环境、为本地动植物提供适宜的生境、丰富城市栖息地类型和物种多样性方面，较之那些精心设计、建造和管理的城市绿地具有更高的效益。虽然城市中的野生自然比较稀少，能否保留下来又具有很大的不确定性，但是自生植物萌发繁衍的条件启发我们，如果人类能主动减少干预，土地上就会逐渐衍生出一片野生的自然。如果能进一步通过合理的人工措施，为不同植物的生长创造更适宜的土壤、水分、光照和种源条件，就可以进一步促进野生自然的生长与演替，加速健康生态系统的建立。

所以，实现城市中具有更多野性自然区域的途径在于，在遍布城市各处的使用强度不高的空间以及在公园绿地的部分区域中，通过一定的人工措施，塑造适应不同植物生长的生境，参照地带性自然植物群落的物种组成来选择植物，营建拟自然的群落结构，然后将土地交给自然过程和时间，借助自然力量，辅以恰当的人工管护，使植物群落在一定程度上自我维系和更新，演变成一片呈现荒野的外貌，并兼具一定荒野生态功能的野性自然。这些散布在城市中的野性自然斑块可以吸纳雨洪、创造生境、增加生物多样性，并在一定程度上将灰色基础设施绿色化，从整体上提升城市绿地生态服务的能力。这些低维护、高韧性、可持续、具备自然野性的空间大多贴近市民生活，为市民亲近自然、感受自然提供了更多的机会，也为城市带来了自然的生命力与野趣。

“人们来到城市是为了生活；人们居住在城市是为了生活得更好”。完善的、高品质的城市生态系统是支撑城市美好生活的基础，而这样的生态系统必须具有强大的自我调节能力与韧性。在城市中，我们应该关注并顺应土地自身的生长与演变，尊重自然的进程，在满足城市综合功能的前提下，将城市中的自然区域更多地还给自然本身，让自然主导这些土地，让自然的进程回归城市之中，为城市注入更多的自然天性和野性。

In order to serve the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, the century-old Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was transformed into a high-speed railway and moved underground in the urban section. After the railway entered the ground, volunteer herbs, shrubs and trees continued to germinate along the closed former railway line. Although the time passed just four years and the soil was extremely poor, under the action of natural forces, the volunteer vegetation has basically covered both sides of the railway. The surface of the land has become more and more lush, and the species of plants have become increasingly abundant. The former railway has become a wild natural area in the city. I wonder if the upcoming Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Site Park will selectively preserve some native vegetation and some naturally derived areas along the railway line, so as to make a natural and wild ecological corridor in the city?

There are always some abandoned lands in cities for various reasons. As long as sunlight and precipitation can be received, plants will germinate and grow on these lands, and corresponding communities will be derived to form natural habitats with rich species. The continuous growth and succession of volunteer plants is actually a process of rewilding in a specific area of the city, and it is a process in which nature in a wild state gradually returns to the land.

These volunteer plants are the results of natural selection and survival of the fittest. In the natural state, plants grow freely and compete with each other, thus forming a community structure suitable for the environment and a dynamically changing ecosystem, with strong environmental adaptability and resilience. This type of ecosystem has the ability of self-sustaining, constant evolution and continuous improvement, and is the most stable ecosystem in city that is closest to the original state.

A stretch of volunteer plants generally can only grow arbitrarily on the land that is inaccessible to people. People usually think that the wild nature in city is messy, disordered, dilapidated and negative, full of threats and uncertainties. The cluttered wild land seems to be incompatible with the convenient and comfortable urban life and clean and bright urban scenery that we are pursuing. Many city managers also feel that the wild nature detracts from the environmental quality of the city, and there are certain difficulties in management. Therefore, once people pay attention to, transform and utilize this land again, the volunteer vegetation on the site is usually eradicated, and even if it is converted into urban green space, the volunteer plants are often replaced by carefully selected ornamental plants.

From the perspective of the evolution of the relationship between city and nature, the process of urban development is the process of the city gradually moving away from the wild nature. Therefore, it is not easy to see wild natural areas with a certain area in cities, because it is difficult for people to accept the appearance of such wild places in modern cities. The chance for this kind of wild nature in city to survive is that, in addition to continuing its ecological functions, the land can also meet the needs of citizens, demonstrate historical and cultural significance, and conform to people’s aesthetic habits, so as to function the comprehensive ecological, social, economic, cultural and aesthetic value. Just like the "Starting Area from Wudaokou to North Fourth Ring Road" section of Jingzhang Railway Site Park completed in 2019, the design team retained the native vegetation in the site to a considerable extent, and at the same time added a large number of herbs. The planting method of simulating the natural community transforms the abandoned land along the 800m-long railway line into an urban public space and ecological corridor full of natural wildness and historical accumulation.

There is a need for wild authentic nature in cities, because wild nature dominated by natural processes is more efficient than those carefully crafted, constructed and managed urban green spaces in maintaining and improving the urban ecological environment, providing suitable habitats for native animals and plants, and enriching urban habitat types and species diversity. Although the wild nature in city is relatively rare, and there is great uncertainty as to whether it can be preserved, the conditions for the germination and reproduction of volunteer plants inspire us that, if human beings can actively reduce the intervention, a piece of wild nature will gradually be derived from the land. If we can further create more suitable soil, water, light and provenance conditions for the growth of various plants through reasonable artificial measures, we can further promote the growth and succession of wild nature and accelerate the establishment of a healthy ecosystem.

Therefore, the way to achieve more wild natural areas in city is to shape the habitats suitable for the growth of different plants through certain artificial measures in the spaces with low use intensity throughout the city and in some areas of the park green space, select plants with reference to the species composition of the zonal natural plant community, build a quasi-natural community structure, and then hand over the land to the natural process and time. With the help of natural forces and appropriate artificial management, the plant community can be self-sufficient and updated to a certain extent, and evolve into a wild nature that presents the appearance of wilderness and has certain ecological functions of the wilderness. These wild natural patches scattered in city can absorb rainwater, create habitats, increase biodiversity, and green gray infrastructure to a certain extent, and improve the ability of urban green space ecological services as a whole. Most of these low-maintenance, high-resilience, sustainable spaces with natural wildness are close to citizens' lives, providing more opportunities for citizens to get close to nature and feel nature, and also bring natural vitality and wildness to the city.

"People come to cities to live; people live in cities to live better." A complete and high-quality urban ecosystem is the foundation for supporting a better life in city, and such an ecosystem must have strong self-regulation capability and resilience. In the city, we should pay attention to and adapt to the growth and evolution of the land itself, respect the process of nature, and on the premise of satisfying the comprehensive functions of the city, return more natural areas in the city to nature itself, and let nature dominate these lands, let the natural process return to the city, and inject more natural nature and wildness into the city.

本刊主编：王向荣 教授

Prof. Dr.-Ing. WANG Xiangrong

Chief Editor

王向荣.城市中的野性自然[J].中国园林，2022，38(8)：2-3.

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排版 | 李旻

校对 | 王媛媛

审核 | 金荷仙