城市八景中的生态智慧考析——以江汉平原为例

万敏/WAN Min

华中科技大学建筑与城市规划学院景观学系、湖北省城镇化工程技术研究中心教授，博士生导师/本刊编委

刘梦馨/LIU Mengxin

华中科技大学建筑与城市规划学院景观学系在读硕士研究生

黄婧/HUANG Jing

华中科技大学建筑与城市规划学院景观学系在读硕士研究生

刘法堂*/LIU Fatang

华中科技大学建筑与城市规划学院城市规划系、湖北省城镇化工程技术研究中心讲师

摘要： 回顾了生态智慧的研究发展，指出本次有关城市八景生态智慧研究具有的开拓性价值。界定了江汉平原的范围，整理出该平原32个府州县清代方志八景的272景目清单。以清代方志八景记载为依据，阐述了城市八景是集体智慧的结晶，经过长期的公共智慧淘选，并富含国家治理智慧等丰富内涵。围绕城市八景格局的时空周正、法无定法、彰显风土三方面，论述了其生态服务功能均好、高度的公共性为全民接纳并推广普及，“内聚外控”格局体现了生态适应，并成为地方风土象征等生态智慧内涵。提出城市八景是从理论到实践全方位对世界生态文明建设发展的中国贡献，是我国传统人居环境建设中生态大智慧的思想观点。

关键词： 风景园林；城市八景；方志八景；生态智慧

Abstract: The paper reviews the research development of ecological wisdom, and points out the pioneering value of this research on the ecological wisdom of urban eight scenes. The scope of the Jianghan Plain is defined, and a list of 272 scenic spots in 32 prefectures, states, or counties in the Qing Dynasty local records on this plain is compiled. Based on the Qing Dynasty local records of eight scenes, it expounds that the urban eight scenes are the crystallization of collective wisdom. After a long-term selection of public wisdom, they are rich in profound connotations such as national governance wisdom. Around the pattern of urban eight scenes, it focuses on these three aspects: the regularity of time and space, the indeterminacy of laws, and the display of terroir. It discusses many ecological wisdom connotations, included that its ecological service function is averagely good, its high degree of publicity is accepted and popularized by the whole people, its pattern of "internal aggregation and external control" reflects ecological adaptation, and has become a symbol of local customs. It is proposed that the urban eight scenes are China's contributions to the construction and development of the world's ecological civilization in an all-round way from theory to practice, and are the ideological viewpoints of ecological wisdom in the construction of traditional human settlements in China.

Keywords: landscape architecture; urban eight scenes; eight scenes in local records; ecological wisdom

笔者鉴于江汉平原的城市分布与其水系高程密切相关，故而采纳的是以湖北省境内的长江、汉江流域周边50m等高线所包罗的范围，以此为基础再外扩至该范围所属的现代县级行政区，此中包罗27个区、25个县与县级市、3个省直管市，总面积约72667.7km ² (图1)。本文以江汉平原清代32个府州县的272景目为素材来佐证城市八景所蕴含的生态智慧。

图1 江汉平原区域范围及古（清朝）今行政区划对应图

江汉平原城市八景是集体智慧优选或编纂的结果，如光绪版《蕲水县志》的编修团队便达163人，而“重修公安县志采访启”更是明确征召“风景游仙……洩彼天机”；明嘉靖《蕲州志》里收录有不同身份之人的7套八景诗；同治版《蒲圻县志》分别从7位历代名人诗句中，摘取一句入情入境且押韵的入诗，同治版《汉阳县志》记载了该县民间动辄“吟咏和者数人或数十人”；故而最后在方志中收录的八景诗便是上述集体智慧的结晶。

江汉平原人文荟萃，很多八景经历了漫长的时间考验，是历时性公共智慧的凝聚，同治版《江夏县志》便记载了武昌“鹤楼晚照”26次屡建屡毁的不断精进过程。丰富的人文积淀给山水同质化的江汉平原带来生生不息的资源，借助“以人而胜”的城市八景成为弘扬人居环境特色的共识。

城市八景自宋代在我国兴起离不开某些强势皇帝的加持而入志，也使城市八景的发掘与营造成为彰显地舆特色，弘国秉志，甚至宣扬政绩的重要手段。另外，不少城市八景之得景地更是教育或宗教等类的“教化”场所，这使城市八景成为国家精神与意识培养的重要教化阵地。

城市八景通过国家方志体系的提倡而制度化，由此发展成为一种我国特有的城市空间建设模式，如此大规模的在广褒国土空间中在地践行，是此前世界上从未有过的！故而城市八景文化是中国对世界生态文明建设发展的一个重大贡献，并具有从理论到实践全方位的开拓性价值与示范性意义。

城市八景带来了城市生态服务功能的均好，如清代“黄梅十景”所包含的“东南西北”四正，“上月下洞”两砥，“渔樵耕读”四业，以及“白紫碧烟”等的丰富景致便展现出一幅山水天地之物候环境丰沛多彩、自然资源取用有度、人民安居乐业的生活世界场景(图2)。这亦调动了官儒学商、仙释教徒甚至平民百姓的热情，使得城市八景营造成为具有国家系统支持、官银与社会资本协同共建，全民高度认可且共同参与的，充满着环境理想、实操可行而又广普宇内的生态大智慧！

图2 黄梅十景时空周正解析

江汉平原的城市八景没有完全按道家“八景晨图”的逻辑周正布局的，但也会响应人居环境的生态变迁而进行格局调整，致使其格局虽有规制但在实操中又“法无定法”。如由黄庭坚吟唱的“绣林十景”便是与周正大相庭径的“堤线串景”式结构(图3)，实际却充满着人水和谐的生态智慧。而此类八景格局在江汉平原还非孤例，像钟祥的“山缘串景”，江陵的“水缘串景”，和江夏的“山水呈景”，大多数城市的“内聚外控”等(图4、5)。

△图3 江汉平原“堤线串景”式八景分布格局

江汉平原城市八景的人与天调反映在其存史纳文而彰显人杰地灵的生态适应中，甚至在堙没废城之中的人文故址还激发出新的八景供人凭吊，像“柳浪含烟”原本是“公安三袁”的私家宅园“柳浪潇碧馆”，该园因受长江水患而与老城一道废置，但却在此后通过入选八景而智慧地以再野化遗址的方式得以延续。

清方志中江汉平原具有千年以上时空历练的的城市八景占比达53%，其中不少八景已经成为地方风土的象征。这些城市八景起于风景，成于风土，是江汉平原人居环境在漫长的人地互动中进化而来的产物，这使城市八景成为展现地方生态思想与实践智慧的宝库，反映在其应对洪涝灾害时的处“湿”不惊、极具工匠精神的因材施用，以及丰富的渔猎文化带来的江汉水乡特色等方面。

注：文中图片均由作者绘制。

致谢：感谢华中科技大学王之羿、潘莹紫、赵纪军，武汉远景规划设计有限公司张承虎、江吟、赵亮在研究过程中的帮助。

This paper uses 272 scenes from 32 prefectures and countries of the Jianghan Plain during the Qing Dynasty as materials to support the ecological wisdom in the urban eight scenes.

1 The Urban Eight Scenes Culture is an Expression of Human Wisdom, a Collective and National Wisdom

The urban eight scenes of the Jianghan Plain were the result of collective wisdom. For example, the Guangxu version of Qishui Local Records was compiled by a team of 163 people; the "Interview for the Restoration of Gong'an Local Records "(重修公安县志采访启) explicitly called for "passing travelers and lodgers seeking for such a scenic beauty, and wandering hermit and drunken elders revealing nature's mystery"(风景游仙……洩彼天机); in the Ming Dynasty, there are seven sets of eight scenes' poems written by people with different identities; in the Tongzhi version, Puqi Local Records contains a poem that rhymes with the sentiment of seven famous poets from different generations; and in the Tongzhi version, Hanyang Local Records records that "several or dozens of people chanted and sang". Therefore, the eight scenes' poems included in local records are the result of the collective wisdom mentioned above.

Many of the eight scenes on the Jianghan Plain have survived the test of time and become the agglomeration of diachronic public wisdom. The Tongzhi version of Jiangxia Local Records records the continuous refinement of the "Evening Shine of the Crane Tower"(鹤楼晚照) in Wuchang, which was built and destroyed 26 times. The richness of the humanities has given the homogenous Jianghan Plain a living resource, and the urban eight scenes have become a consensus for the promotion of the characteristics of the human environment through the use of "winning with people".

During the Song Dynasty, the urban eight scenes emerged in China without the support of certain powerful emperors and have been incorporated into the history of the city, making the discovery and creation of urban eight scenes an essential means of highlighting the characteristics of public opinion, promoting the country's ambition, and even promoting political achievements. In addition, many of the eight scenic spots in the city were places of education or religious "edification", which made them important places of edification for the cultivation of national spirit and consciousness.

2 The Urban Eight Scenes Culture is Great Ecological Wisdom, China's Major Contribution to the World's Ecological Civilization Process

The urban eight scenes were institutionalized through the promotion of the national local chronicle system, and thus developed into a unique urban space construction model in China. Such a large-scale practice in the vast national territory is unprecedented in the world before. Therefore, the urban eight scenes culture is a major contribution of China to the construction and development of the world's ecological civilization, and it has pioneering value and exemplary significance from theory to practice.

The urban eight scenes have brought the city's ecological service functions well, thereby mobilizing the enthusiasm of officials, Confucian scholars, businessmen, Buddhists, and even husbandmen. This makes the construction of the urban eight scenes supported by the nation, co-constructed by the government, highly recognized and participated by the whole people, and full of ecological wisdom that is ideal for the environment, feasible and practical in the universe. 

The urban eight scenes will also adjust themselves in response to the ecological changes of the human settlement environment, resulting in the pattern regular, but "with no dogmatic ways". For example, "Xiulin's Ten Scenes" sung by Huang Tingjian is a structure of "Scenes Stringed by Dike-line", different from the regular pattern, but actually full of ecological wisdom of harmony between human and water. Such pattern is not an isolated example on the Jianghan Plain, such as Zhongxiang's "Scenes Stringed by Mountain-edge", Jiangling's "Scenes Stringed by Water-edge", and Jiangxia's "Scenes Emerged by Mountain and Water".

The adjustment between human and nature in the urban eight scenes of the Jianghan Plain is reflected in ecological adaptation of saving history, highlighting outstanding culture and beautiful scenery, even inspiring new eight scenes for people to pay tribute to on the ancient cultural sites. For example, "Willow Wave in the Mist"(柳浪含烟) was originally a private residence of "The Three Yuan of Gong'an"(公安三袁), "The Pavilion of Clear and Bluish Willow Wave"(柳浪潇碧馆) was abandoned together with the old city due to the flooding of the Changjiang River. But since then, it has been continued by being selected as the eight scenes and wisely rewilding the ruins.

The urban eight scenes on the Jianghan Plain with more than a thousand years of time and space experience in the Qing Dynasty local records account for 53%, and many of them have become symbols of local customs. These urban eight scenes originated from the scenery, formed the terroir, and have become products of the evolution of the human settlements on the Jianghan Plain during the long interaction between human and land. This makes the urban eight scenes treasure trove of local ecological thinking and practical wisdom, reflected in the "wetness" when dealing with flood disasters, the application of appropriate materials with the spirit of craftsmanship, and the characteristics of Jianghan watertown brought by the rich fishing and hunting culture.