结构转换层的应用及施工探究

摘要：随着我国经济的持续快速发展，人们对高层建筑的功能要求趋向于多样化、综合化和全面化。于是，带转换层的建筑结构孕育而生，并在近年来得到较为广泛的应用。
Abstract: along with the sustained and rapid development of economy in our country, people to the functional requirement of the high-rise buildings tend to be diversified, integrated and comprehensive. So, born with conversion layer structure of breeds, and have become more widely used in recent years.
　　关键词：高层建筑；转换层；施工
Key words: high-rise buildings; The transformation layer; The construction
　　1 高层建筑结构转换层
1 high-rise building conversion layers structure
　　按照不同的结构转换功能，转换层可分为三种类型：①高层建筑上层与下层的结构形式不同，通过转换层完成其从上层至下层不同结构形式的变化。②高层建筑上层与下层的结构形式不变，但通过转换层完成其从上层到下层不同柱网轴线布置的变化。③通过转换层同时完成高层建筑上层与下层结构形式与柱网轴线布置的变化。
According to the different structure transformation, transformation layer can be divided into three types: (1) high building structure form of the upper and the lower is different, through the transformation layer to complete its different structure forms of change from the upper to the lower. (2) the high building structure form of the upper and the lower is changeless, but through the transformation layer to complete its different from the upper to the lower column grid line layout changes. (3) through the transformation layer complete high-rise building at the same time the upper and the lower structure with the axis of the column grid layout changes.
　　为实现高层建筑内部上、下层结构形式与柱网（或剪力墙轴线网）的变化，经常采用以下的结构转换形式：①梁式转换。②板式转换层。板的厚度一般很大，以形成厚板式承台转换层。它的下层柱网可以灵活布置，不必严格与上层结构对齐，但板很厚，自重很大，材料用量很多。
For tall buildings inside, the lower structure with column grid (network) or shear wall axis changes, often use the following form of structural transformation: (1) beam transformation. (2) plate transformation layer. The thickness of the plate are large, to form a thick plate cap transformation layer. It can lower column grid of flexible arrangement, don't have to be strictly aligned with the upper structure, but the plate is very thick, the weight is very big, material consumption.
　　2 工程实例及施工要点
Two engineering examples and key points for construction
　　2.1 工程概况。温州市百里东路改建工程安置房1-11号楼，工程总占地面积32295.92m2，总建筑面积158879m2，地下室一层17392m2，底部一、二层为大开间商场（写字楼），三层为架空结构转换层,上部为住宅。转换层为梁式转换，最大框支梁KZL-01断面1100×1800、KZL-21断面1000×2000。模板及支撑体系由18mm厚木复合模板、50×100方木、Φ48钢管、扣件等组成，经过取最大断面框支梁KZL-21进行模板及支撑系统计算能满足砼施工荷载要求。
2.1 project summary. Wenzhou in east road rebuilding project 1-11 housing building, the project covers an area of 32295.92 m2, total construction area of 158879 m2, a layer of 17392 m2, the basement one, the second is larger space at the bottom of the shopping mall (office), three layers for the overhead structure transformation layer, upper for residence. Conversion layer for the beam, the largest box beam KZL - 01 section 21 section 1000 x 1100 x 1800, KZL - 2000. Template and the support system consists of 18 mm thick composite template, 50 * 100 square timber, Φ 48 steel pipes, fasteners and so on, after taking the largest cross-section box beam KZL - 21 teams' template and support system can satisfy the requirement of concrete construction load calculation.
　　2.2 梁模及支撑体系。由于框支梁断面大，自重大，对梁模支撑体系要求必须很高。模板支撑体系必须编制专项施工方案，请专家进行会审，并严格按照方案实施。经对最大断面KZL-21框支梁模板及支撑体系计算，模板排架体系能满足砼施工荷载要求。所以框支梁排架支撑体系均参照KZL-21框支梁计算要求搭设，具体方法①根据KZL-21框支梁计算值，所有框支梁顺梁的长方向立杆间距300mm，垂直于梁长度方向立杆间距不大于300mm。②由于框支梁部位的施工荷载大于下一层楼板的设计荷载，所以在所有梁底模顺着梁的长度方向支撑立杆下端设置槽钢作为枕木，减轻立杆的集中荷铺设，对下层楼面的影响。③考虑立杆垂直方向受力存在偏心距，在排架搭设过程中所用的水平钢管应在立杆两侧交差布置，不应在立杆的同一侧布置。顶板排架立杆间距取框支梁长度主向立杆间距的双倍数。④立杆排架搭设好以后，在排架下端设一道水平拉结扫地杆，再向上按不大于1500mm设置水平拉杆，并与顶板排架连结。每一把梁排架立杆沿梁的长度方向设置二道剪力撑，垂直于梁的长度方向每间隔2400mm设剪力撑并与顶板排架立杆拉结，这样使梁排架与顶板排架连成整体，增加稳定性。⑤梁底模内楞布置根据立杆的布置情况，在立杆间铺设50×100m木方，其净间距不得大于100mm。梁侧模内楞间距不得大于200mm，外楞间距不得大于430mm。
2.2 Liang Mo and supporting system. Since, because of the large frame supported beam cross section, the Liang Mo support system requirements must be high. Template support system must prepare special construction scheme, please experts came, and in strict accordance with the plan to implement. After the maximum cross-section KZL - 21 box beam template and support system, template shelving system can satisfy the requirement of concrete construction load. So supported beam bent frame supporting system are reference KZL - 21 box - girder calculation requirements set specific methods (1) according to KZL - 21 box beam computed values, all of box Liang Shunliang stud spacing is 300 mm, length direction perpendicular to the length of the beam poling direction distance not greater than 300 mm. (2) because the construction of box beam part load is greater than the design of the floor under a load, and so on all beam bottom along the length direction of the beam supporting the lower poling set channel steel as sleepers, lighten the poling of concentrated load laid, effects on the lower floor. (3) considering the poling direction vertical force exist eccentricity, and in the process of the bent frame build level used in the steel pipe should be on both sides of poling a job arrangement, should not be decorated in the same side of the vertical pole. Shelving roof stud spacing for main frame supported beam length to double stud spacing ratio. Set-up after good, (4) vertical rod bent in shelving set a bottom level Rachel sweeping bar, press no greater than 1500 mm set the horizontal tie up, connect with roof racks. Every beam bent poling direction set two way shear along the beam length, the length of the vertical beam direction every interval of 2400 mm set shear brace and with shelving roof bar Rachel, this causes the beam bent and bent frame roof tent together as a whole, increase stability. (5) beam bottom mould layout according to the arrangement of poling, 50 x 100 m between stud laid wood square, the net spacing shall not be greater than 100 mm. Beam side form stare blankly spacing shall not be greater than 200 mm, inside outside stare blankly spacing shall not be greater than 430 mm.
　　⑥梁侧模固定所用的Φ14对拉螺栓水平间距400mm，垂直间跨不得大于450mm，固定模板所用螺帽均采用双螺帽，以防螺杆丝口滑丝。由于对拉螺栓比较密集，考虑对结构受力将会造成影响，经与设计探讨确定，框支梁中所用的对拉螺栓均为一次性投资，不应埋设套管。⑦在砼浇注时，应安排技术人员，仔细检查排架支撑体系在砼浇注过程中的稳定状况，确保在第一时间发现浇注过程中的异常情况，进行合理的调整加固。
Beam side form 6 fixed Φ 14 of bolt used in the horizontal spacing is 400 mm, between the vertical cross shall not be greater than 450 mm, fixed template used nuts adopt double nut, screw wire mouth sliding wire in case. Because the bolt is dense, considering structure will impact, determined by way of and design study, box used in a beam of bolt are one-time investment, should not be embedded casing. All landowners in concrete pouring, it shall arrange technical personnel, carefully check the bent frame supporting system in stable condition in the process of concrete pouring, to ensure that in the first time found the abnormal situation in the process of pouring, reasonable adjustment of the carton.
3 框支梁柱钢筋帮扎
3 box beams reinforced to help Mr
　　3.1 节点处理：框支柱顶部节点钢筋通常比较密集，应做好施工措施，确保砼浇注质量。为尽量改良钢筋密集的状况，可将梁上部钢筋（宜取第一排钢筋）与柱端外皮纵筋机械连接；当柱纵筋直径大于梁筋直径时，接头设在梁内；反之则设在梁底以下的柱段内。接头位置应符合规范或设计关于钢筋连接的要求。其它未连通的柱筋、梁筋尚应满足各自的锚固要求。节点处理应从钢筋下料长度开始，各种构件截面内的钢筋弯起方向、长度等均应事先考虑周全，尽量避免节点处钢筋过密。
3.1 node processing: steel pillar box at the top of the nodes tend to be dense, should do well the construction measures to ensure the quality of the concrete pouring. To improve reinforced dense conditions as far as possible, but the upper reinforcement beam (YiQu reinforced) in the first row and the skin at the end of the longitudinal reinforcement mechanical connection; When the column longitudinal reinforcement large diameter reinforcement beam diameter, within the joint in beam; Conversely in beam under the bottom of column section. Joint location should conform to the requirements of the specification or design of reinforced connection. Other column reinforcement, not connected beam reinforcement is should satisfy their anchorage requirements. Node treatment should be started, length of reinforced material under various components within the cross section of reinforced bending direction, length, etc. Shall be thoughtful in advance and try to avoid node reinforcement.
3.2 钢筋绑扎：框支梁上层钢筋垂直锚固长度超过梁高度的，以及下层部分向下弯的钢筋先行绑扎，然后将其固定就位，确保在浇筑砼时不发生位移。待三层局部柱、墙板砼浇筑完毕后，再帮扎板筋，严格按照设计要求将绑扎接头错开。
3.2 steel binding: box beam top bars vertical anchorage length over the beam height, and tie down the lower part of curved steel bar, and then should be fixed in place, to ensure that at the time of pouring concrete on them. Three layer partial columns, wall plate after the completion of concrete casting, again for plate reinforcement, in strict accordance with the design requirements will stagger binding joint.
　　3.3 钢筋连接时应采用机械连接，上层剪力墙插筋应采用帮扎固定，严禁与框支梁框支柱的受力钢筋焊接（或点焊）。
3.3 steel bar connection should use mechanical connection, the upper shear wall steel dowel should be adopted to help firm fixation, with no box beam frame pillar's stress steel welding (spot welding).
　　3.4 对各种预留洞应严格按照设计要求进行加固，安装专业的管线敷设应尽量避免个别位置过度集中的情况出现，要确保不影响砼的浇注质量。
3.4 of all the reserved hole should be in strict accordance with the design requirements for reinforcement, professional installation of pipeline laying should avoid excessive concentration of individual position, to ensure that does not affect the pouring of the concrete quality.
　　4 砼浇筑
Four concrete casting
　　4.1 由于设计要求框支梁采用刚纤维砼，框支柱和楼板则采用普通砼，这给现场施工缝的留置和处理造成了一定的困难。为了确保框支梁、框支柱砼的浇筑质量，经过设计同意，在尽量减少施工缝的前提下，框支梁钢纤维砼浇注到板底10cm处，可设置水平施工缝。
4.1 due to the design requirements for box beam using just fiber concrete, normal concrete frame pillar and floor is used, it gives the construction joint indwelling and handling has caused some difficulties. To make sure that the frame beam, pillar box concrete casting quality, agree through design, on the decrease as far as possible under the premise of construction joint, box joist steel fiber concrete pouring to the plate bottom 10 cm, can be set up horizontal construction joints.
　　4.2 在不同标号砼交接处安装钢丝网片分隔，确保低标号砼不流入框支构件内。编排好不同标号砼的输送顺序和方量，采用不同的输送泵输送。
4.2 install the wire mesh in different grade concrete junction space, to ensure that the low strength concrete does not flow into the box component. Layout and sequence for different grade concrete volume, different pump delivery.
　　4.3 由于框支梁钢筋多且密集，对砼浇筑带来很大难度，所以考虑先将三层局部框支柱、墙板砼浇至框支梁底20cm处，待上部框支梁钢筋绑扎结束，框支梁施工逢以下砼与三层部位墙板、柱、板砼分别浇筑。
4.3 because the box beam reinforcement and more intensive, to bring great difficulty to concrete casting, so consider the first three layers of local pillar box, wallboard concrete pouring to box beam bottom 20 cm, stay the upper box beam and steel binding end, box beam construction team for the following concrete with the three parts of the wall plate, column, slab concrete pouring, respectively.
　　4.4 由于框支梁钢筋笼自重较重，梁底无法采用普通的保护层垫块支撑，经设计同意后，采用与梁筋同直径的短钢筋段，作为垫块帮扎到梁筋外边缘，但应注意作为垫块钢筋段的不应过长（约20cm左右），严禁沿梁宽方向通长铺垫。
4.4 because the box beam reinforcing cage the heavier weight, beam bottom cannot adopt common protective layer pad support, after the approval of the design, use and the diameter of the beam reinforced with short steel section, as a block to help firm to beam reinforcement outside edge, but should pay attention to as a block of steel should not be too long (20 cm), it is forbidden to pass along beam breadth direction long.
　　4.5 对浇注完成的构件应及时覆盖浇水养护，确保养护时间不少于14天。浇水养护时，应同时对板、梁、柱等构件进行养护。
4.5 to pouring completed components should cover water conservation, in time to ensure that the maintenance time is not less than 14 days. Water conservation, and artifacts for maintenance on plates, beams, columns, etc.
　　经过精心的组织，严格的控制，转换层的观感和实测质量均完成的比较理想，根据高层综合楼建筑功能的需要，选择适宜的结构转换层，不但可以节省材料用量，节省建造费用。同时灵活的将建筑与结构统一，实现建筑使用功能和优美观感的和谐发展。
Passes elaborate organization, strict control of the look and feel of the conversion layer and measured quality finish of the ideal, according to the needs of high-rise complex building construction features and choose appropriate transformation layer structure, not only can save the material usage, save construction costs. Flexible unifying architecture and structure at the same time, realize the harmonious development of the building use function and beautiful look and feel.