求救 帮忙翻译关于土木桥梁的 在线等

1 Mass concrete ACI committee 116 defines mass concrete as “any large volume of cast-in-place concrete with dimensions large enough to require that measures be taken to cope with the generation of heat and attendant volume change to minimize cracking.”




2 Thus the safe transfer of the high intensity loads to the relatively weaker soil is the function of the foundation structure generally classified as a spread foundation.



3 Strip foundation are used to support a line of loads, either due to a load-bearing wall or if a line of columns need supporting where column positions are so close that individual pad foundations would be inappropriate.



4 Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large area, normally the entire area of the structure. They are used when column loads or other structural loads are close together and individual pad foundations would interact.



5 Deep foundations are those founding too deeply below the finished ground surfaced for their base bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is, usually at depths ﹥3m below finished ground level.

6 Piles are relatively long, slender member that transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a high bearing capacity.



7 End bearing piles are those which terminate in hard, relatively impenetrable material such as rock or very dense sand and gravel. They derive most of their carrying capacity from the resistance of the stratum at the toe of the pile.



8 Friction piles obtain a greater part of their carrying capacity by skin friction or adhesion. This tends to occur when piles do not reach.

9 Piles are more usually installed in groups, rather than single pile.


10 Caissons are a form of deep foundation which are constructed above ground level, then sunk to the required level by excavating.


11 Natural rubber is an ideal engineering material for bridge bearing ad it is highly elastic and sufficiently soft to accommodate these movements without transmitting harmful stress and also it can absorb and isolate energies from impacts and vibrations.



12 Rubber bearing generally consists or interleaving layers of rubber bonded sandwich fashion to steel plates. The whole unit is covered with rubber to afford weather protection.



13 Bridge expansion joints are structural components designed provide smooth passage over the gap between adjacent sides of a deck joint, while also permitting relative translation and/or rotation of the two sides of a bridge deck(deck movement joint).



14 The shape of an arch bridge is very inconvenient, and in fact impossible for wheeled traffic, apart from mountain bikes. So a real arch has to have a flat deck that is propped above it or hang below it.



15 An arch is sometimes defined as a curved structural member spanning an opening and serving as a support for the loads above the opening.