摘要
如同市政基础设施,城市的生态基础设施是城市及其居民持续获得自然生态服务的保障。面对中国未来巨大的城市化前景,前瞻性的城市生态基础设施建设具有非常重要的战略意义。为此,本文提出了十大战略,包括⑴维护和强化整体山水格局的连续性;⑵保护和建立多样化的乡土生境系统;⑶维护和恢复河流和海岸的自然形态;⑷保护和恢复湿地系统;⑸将城郊防护林体系与城市绿地系统相结合;⑹建立无汽车绿色通道;⑺开放专用绿地;⑻溶解公园,使其成为城市的生命基质;⑼溶解城市,保护和利用高产农田作为城市的有机组成部分;⑽建立乡土植物苗圃基地。通过这些景观战略,建立大地绿脉,成为城市可持续发展的生态基础设施.
关键词:生态基础设施,生态规划,城市设计,绿地系统,景观
Ten Landscape Strategies To Build Urban Ecological Infrastructure
Yu Kongjian Li Diehua Chao Luomeng
Beijing University Center for Landscape Architecture and Planning
Abstract: Just as urban civic infrastructure, the urban ecological infrastructure plays the fundamental role for the sustainable ecological services that the city and urban residents can enjoy. Facing the fast urbanization process in China, a future-oriented ecological infrastructure is strategically important for every city. This paper proposed ten landscape strategies to establish such future-oriented ecological infrastructure, including: 1)keep and restore connectivity of the overall natural landscapes; 2)protect and restore diverse native habitats; 3)preserve and restore natural forms of rivers and seashores; 4)protect and restore wetland system; 5)integrate suburban greenbelts into urban green space systems; 6) establish auto-free greenways; 7)open unite green space; 8)dissolve parks into urban green matrix; 9)protect agricultural fields and integrated them into the green matrix of the built up urban area; 10)establish native plants nurserys. These ten strategies are ways to establish an ecological infrastructure for the sustainable urban development in the future of centuries to come.
Key words: ecological infrastructure, greenways, ecological planning, urban design, open space system, landscape
一、 引言:城市生态基础设施
国人常常为伦敦百年不落后的市政基础设施而惊叹不已。城市的可持续发展依赖于具有前瞻性的市政基础设施建设,包括道路系统,给排水系统等,如果这些基础不完善或前瞻性不够,在随后的城市开发过程中必然要付出沉重的代价。关于这一点,许多城市决策者似乎已有了充分的认识,国家近年来在投资上的推动也促进了城市基础设施建设。
这里要讨论的是另一类城市可持续发展所依赖的基础设施,即生态基础设施(Ecological Infrastructure )(Mander, Jagonaegi, et al. 1988; Selm and Van, 1988.)。本质上讲它是城市所依赖的自然系统,是城市及其居民能持续地获得自然服务(Natures Services)(Costanza等1992,Daily,,1997)的基础,这些生态服务包括提供新鲜空气、食物、体育、休闲娱乐、安全庇护以及审美和教育等等。它不仅包括习惯的城市绿地系统的概念,而是更广泛地包含一切能提供上述自然服务的城市绿地系统、林业及农业系统、自然保护地系统。
早在一百多年前(1879-1895),Olmsted和Eliot就将公园、林荫道与查尔斯河谷以及沼泽、荒地连接起来,规划了至今成为波斯顿骄傲的"蓝宝石项链"(Emerald Necklace)(Walmsley, Anthony,1988)。在1883年,景观设计师克里夫兰得(Cleveland)为美国密尼苏达的麦尼阿不里斯(Minneapolis)做规划,当时这
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