驾驶行为表征指标及分析方法研究

国内外道路交通事故统计结果显示,由驾驶人直接原因造成的事故占到70%以上。而对事故成因的分析则表明,驾驶行为与交通事故发生有着很强的相关性。因此,有必要对驾驶行为展开深入研究。但因缺乏驾驶行为分析技术手段和理论工具,国内对驾驶行为的研究仍不够深入,内容也较为分散。因此,完善驾驶行为研究的基础实验条件,推进驾驶行为分析方法研究,对于提高驾驶行为研究水平,理解人-车-路协同关系,进而从根本上提升交通安全水平具有重要意义。本文全面回顾了驾驶行为分析相关研究成果,分析提出了驾驶行为研究的框架体系。针对当前驾驶行为研究中的突出问题,本文从驾驶行为信息采集和驾驶行为表征指标及分析方法两大方面展开研究,构建了驾驶行为信息采集系统,提出了一套系统的驾驶行为分析方法。具体研究内容如下:1)综述国内外驾驶行为研究进展从驾驶行为信息采集技术,驾驶行为分析方法,驾驶行为理论和驾驶行为理论应用四个方面对驾驶行为的研究现状作了回顾。目前,国外驾驶行为研究的基础实验条件相对成熟,以美国爱荷华大学的NADS(National Advanced Driving Simulator)和丰田公司的驾驶仿真模拟系统为代表。国内相关研究机构也陆续构建了驾驶行为研究实验环境,但规模相对较小、起步较晚,且应用目的各异。关于驾驶行为分析方法的研究则较为零散,缺乏系统性。而在驾驶行为理论研究方面,大多研究集中在跟驰、变道模型构建,驾驶状态辨识以及驾驶适应性研究方面。最后,关于疲劳分析的相关研究成果已应用于实际,对改善交通系统安全性起到了积极作用。2)驾驶行为信息采集方案设计及技术实现在驾驶行为构成分析基础上,梳理了驾驶行为研究所需的各类信息。通过定制和集成眼动仪、多参数生理采集仪、心理实验系统等设备、系统,搭建了驾驶人生理、心理信息采集系统,可以对驾驶人的视觉、生理及心理特征指标进行定量测定;通过集成视频采集设备、激光测速仪、方向盘转角测试仪、GPS终端设备以及各类传感器,集成开发了车辆操控及运行信息可以实现对交通运行环境、车辆速度、加速度、方向盘转角、档位、刹车开合度、油门开合度等信息的采集。通过车载GPS设备可实现对道路线形、环境信息的采集。其中,针对道路线形恢复计算部分,开发了道路线形计算程序。最后,通过Observer系统实现了道路环境、驾驶人生理、车辆操控及运行状态等多类信息的时间同步。3)驾驶行为表征指标体系构建从驾驶人感知、决策、操控和车辆运行状态四个方面入手,对驾驶行为特征作了细化分析,研究构建了驾驶行为表征指标体系。其中,感知环节的分析以驾驶人视觉信息为基础,提出了驾驶人视点分布范围、注视区域分布比例和注视序列指标;针对决策环节,提出了决策规则和决策反应时间两个广义指标;针对操控环节,提出了换档频率、空档滑行比率、转向灯使用频率等指标。针对车辆运行状态,提出了速度变异性系列指标以及方向盘转角标准差指标。以上表征指标作为分析工具,可对驾驶行为进行评价和分析。4)基于模糊ANP理论的驾驶行为安全性评估方法基于驾驶行为表征指标,提出了基于模糊ANP理论的驾驶行为安全性评估方法。针对各个驾驶环节分别进行评估,利用模糊理论建立驾驶行为表征指标与行为安全性的模糊隶属关系。进而通过ANP方法构建驾驶行为安全性综合评估模型,确定驾驶感知环节、决策环节、操控环节间的相对重要度权重。最后,通过分项评估结果与各环节相对重要度权重的组合,得到对驾驶行为安全性评估与排序结果。5)驾驶人认知能力评估指标体系及方法基于驾驶人心理、生理表征指标,构建了驾驶人认知能力评价指标体系,采用群组决策方法确定了不同指标间的权重分布,降低了权重确定中的主观错误风险。分析结果可用于对驾驶行为特征变化进行解释或佐证。6)驾驶行为分析方法典型应用基于驾驶模拟仿真平台和驾驶人信息采集系统,设计开展了“拨打手机对驾驶行为影响分析”实验。利用前文所提的表征指标及分析方法对实验数据进行了分析处理,从行为变化、变化机理等方面分析了打手机对驾驶行为产生的影响,验证了理论及方法的适用性。最后,对论文取得的进展和成果进行了总结,并提出了下一步需要研究的内容。
电加热器
The statistical results of domestic and foreign traffic accident show that the accidents caused by drivers accounted for about 70%. The analysis on the causes of the accident shows that driving behavior and traffic accidents have a strong correlation. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct study on driving behavior. Because of a lack of techniques and theoretical tools for driving behavior analysis, the domestic research on driving behavior has not thoroughly development, and existing studies about driving behavior are not systematic.So establishing base test environment for driving behavior research, study methods that can be easily used for driving behavior analysis are very important for improving study levels and understanding the relationships between driver, vehicle and road environment.The dissertation is centered on the methods for driving behavior study, and brings forward driving behavior research frame based on reviews of existing research results about driving behavioral analysis, launches the research from the driving behavior information acquisition and the driving behavioral analysis methods, constructed the driving behavior information acquisition platform, and has carried out lots of driving tests. Based on this, a set of systematic driving behavioral analysis methods are putted forward. The concrete contents are as follows:1) Review of existing research results The dissertation proposes a research frame about driving behavior analysis, and includes 4 categories: the construction of foundation experiment environment for driving behavior research, research on driving behavioral analysis method, the construction of theoretical model about driving behavior and application of driving behavior theory. Subsequently, the study reviewed the progress of each category. The overseas driving behavior experimental condition has been maturer, the US University of Iowa’s NADS (National Advanced Driving Simulator) and the Toyota Corporation’s driving simulator can be seen as representative. The domestic related facility has also constructed some driving simulator, but the scale is relatively small and late start. Study on driving behavior analysis methods lack of systemic. In the theoretical research, most studies focused on the following, lane change modeling, adaptive driving state identification etc., and some research results have been applied to real life, has played an active role in security in improving the safety of transportation system.2) Design and implementation of information acquisition system for driving behavior analysis On the basis of classification of driving behavior, combing the data requirements of driving behavior research, and constructing an integrated platform for collecting driving behavior information, including data acquisition system(DAS) about driver physiological and mental information and DAS about driver control and vehicle movement information. Subsequently the Observer software is used to integrate multi-source information to achieve time synchronization. Finally, to improve the collection efficiency of driving behavior information, the orthogonal experimental design method is introduced to the driving behavior analysis.3) Index system for driving behavior Analysis of behavioral characteristics was conducted from four aspects, the driver perception, decision making, control and vehicle running. And the index system for driving behavior was constructed. For the perception, scale of fixation, regional distribution proportion of attention and fixation sequence indicators was constructed based on visual information; For decision-making, rules and response time was used as indicators; For vehicle control, shift frequency, frequency of use turn signals were used as indicators. For vehicle running, series of indicators about the speed variability and steering wheel angle indices were proposed. As an analytical tool, the inices can be used to analysis the Changes in driving behavior.4) Safety evaluation of driving behavior based on fuzzy ANP theory Based on Indices of driving behavior, Safety evaluation of driving behavior based on fuzzy ANP theory was proposed. Different aspects of driving behavior were assessed, fuzzy membership relations between behavioral indicators and driving safety rating was identified. Then ANP was used to determine the relative importance weights fo perception, decision-making and vehicle control. Finally, the combination of weight and the assessment results of different aspects, the comprehensive evaluation results about driving safety can be gotten.5) Evaluation index system and method on driver cognitive Based on driver’s physiological and mental parameters, the driver cognitive evaluation index system is constructed, and the weights between the different indicators can be determined through the group decision method. By this means the risk of subjective errors in weight determing is reduced.The results can be used as explanation for changes in driving behavior characteristics.6) Typical applications of driving behavior analysis method Based on driving simulation platform and DAS, this study carried out a " Impact of ceil phone on driving behavior " experiment, the proposed method about driving behavior analysis was used to experimental data processing and the method was verified.In the end, the dissertation summarizes the findings and achievements, and brings forward the issues for further research.