饮用水处理:反渗透
Drinking Water Treatment:
Reverse Osmosis
Homeowners are increasingly concerned about contaminants in their water supply that may affect health or cause taste and odor problems. The reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment method has become popular for household drinking water treatment to resolve these concerns. This guide discusses the principles and process of RO treatment for household drinking water.
Contaminants removed from water by reverse osmosis
Reverse osmosis (RO) systems frequently are used to reduce the levels of total dissolved solids and suspended particles within water. These systems remove a variety of ions and metals as well as certain organic, inorganic and bacterial contaminants. Some contaminants treated effectively by RO are listed in Table I. This table is not an exhaustive list of contaminants that RO may remove, but rather lists those for which RO can be a practical treatment method for treating household drinking water. Most RO systems also include activated carbon (AC) filters and the carbon provides the treatment for some contaminants, as noted in the table. The RO membrane alone may not be an effective method for total removal of these contaminants, but a properly designed system may be effective in reducing these contaminants to safe levels. Contaminant removal by the system may vary depending on operating conditions and equipment. Refer to the equipment section of this guide for further explanation of activated carbon filters combined with RO.
Reverse osmosis can remove microorganisms. However, it is not recommended for that use (i.e., only coliform-free water should be fed to the system) because membrane deterioration can occur due to the bacteria, and contamination may occur through pinhole leaks.
Other important guidelines for consumers purchasing drinking water treatment equipment are discussed in NebGuide G03-1488 Drinking Water Treatment: What You Need to Know When Selecting Water Treatment Equipment. Drinking water treatment NebGuides and guides on specific contaminants are listed at the end of this publication. The NebGuide series on drinking water treatment focuses on contaminants most likely to be encountered in Nebraska drinking water supplies. It is possible that some water supplies may contain contaminants not addressed here, such as cryptosporidium, giardia, hexavalent chromium and others. Reverse osmosis systems may remove some of these contaminants as well.
Summary
Drinking water treatment using RO is one option for the homeowner to treat drinking water problems. RO is an effective method to reduce certain ions and metals, such as nitrate and arsenic. It also can remove certain pesticides, organic and inorganic compounds, though it is not effective for others. It is often used in combination with AC filtration. Selecting an RO system should be based on water analysis and assessment of the individual homeowner’s needs and situation. Regular maintenance of the membrane and replacement of any filters/cartridges are critical factors in maintaining effectiveness and reducing bacterial contamination of the system. NSF and the WQA test and certify products and this certification and validation can help guide selection.
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2006-02-13 10:59:13
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Other important guidelines for consumers purchasing drinking water treatment equipment are discussed in NebGuide G03-1488 Drinking Water Treatment: What You Need to Know When Selecting Water Treatment Equipment. Drinking water treatment NebGuides and guides on specific contaminants are listed at the end of this publication. The NebGuide series on drinking water treatment focuses on contaminants most likely to be encountered in Nebraska drinking water supplies. It is possible that some water supplies may contain contaminants not addressed here, such as cryptosporidium, giardia, hexavalent chromium and others. Reverse osmosis systems may remove some of these contaminants as well.
2006-02-02 02:49:02
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Summary
Drinking water treatment using RO is one option for the homeowner to treat drinking water problems. RO is an effective method to reduce certain ions and metals, such as nitrate and arsenic. It also can remove certain pesticides, organic and inorganic compounds, though it is not effective for others. It is often used in combination with AC filtration. Selecting an RO system should be based on water analysis and assessment of the individual homeowner’s needs and situation. Regular maintenance of the membrane and replacement of any filters/cartridges are critical factors in maintaining effectiveness and reducing bacterial contamination of the system. NSF and the WQA test and certify products and this certification and validation can help guide selection.
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