2024年12月，第11届上海景观论坛在上海静安800秀上海国际设计节召开。上海景观论坛是由AECOM、ASPECT Studios、Hassell、Sasaki、SOM和SWA 六家知名国际景观事务所联合发起的主题性景观行业分享盛会。本次论坛以“福祉”为主题，探讨景观在推动“福祉”中扮演的多重角色与重要影响。HID翰地景观受邀出席本次论坛并对“公共空间包容性”话题提出了一些设计方法和思考。
In December 2024, the 11th Shanghai Landscape Forum was held at the Shanghai International Design Festival in Shanghai Jing'an 800Show. The Shanghai Landscape Forum is a themed landscape industry sharing event jointly initiated by six well - known international landscape firms, namely AECOM, ASPECT Studios, Hassell, Sasaki, SOM and SWA. This forum is themed on "Well - being", exploring the multiple roles and significant impacts that landscapes play in promoting "Well - being". HID Landscape was invited to attend this forum and put forward some design methods and thoughts on the topic of "Inclusivity of Public Spaces".
01 包容性设计
The inclusivity of public spaces
中国城市的建设正在经历从增量到存量的转变，即从过去大拆大建摊大饼式的增量发展转变为局部更新追求精细化品质感的存量发展。城市本身就是一个复杂生命系统，而城市更新的过程，就是在为这个生命系统已经衰败的部位重新造血的过程。在此背景下，公共空间的包容性开始更加受到关注，其对社会福祉的构建有着不可或缺的作用。
The construction of Chinese cities is undergoing a transformation from incremental development to stock - based development. It has shifted from the past large - scale demolition, construction, and sprawl - like incremental development to local renewal with a pursuit of refined quality in stock - based development. A city itself is a complex living system, and the process of urban renewal is like a process of re - energizing the decaying parts of this living system. Against this backdrop, the inclusiveness of public spaces has received more attention, as it plays an indispensable role in building social well - being.
城市公共空间天然具有开放性，但同时作为一种社会资源，也天然具有稀缺性。这种稀缺性体现在：单位时间切片下的空间容纳人数有上限、节点时间上使用类型的排他性、使用功能的独占性。正因为开放性和稀缺性，包容性的设计才如此重要。他充分强调景观资源的公正与共享，以适应不同年龄、文化背景、社会阶层及能力的使用者的需求，提供多样化的场地使用方式及体验感受，这与城市开放空间的公共属性相契合，因此也成为城市街道、广场、公园等公共空间中为多种社会群体提供平等使用机会的重要设计理念。包容性设计的目的，是让城市的公共空间成为全龄化的场地、面向弱势群体的场地、包容低收入和多元文化的场地以及满足多样化使用需求的综合性公共空间。
Urban public spaces are inherently open. However, as a social resource, they are also inherently scarce. This scarcity is manifested in the following aspects: there is an upper limit to the number of people that a space can accommodate within a unit time slice, there is exclusivity in the type of use at key time points, and there is exclusivity in the usage function. Precisely because of their openness and scarcity, inclusive design is of such great importance. It fully emphasizes the fairness and sharing of landscape resources to meet the needs of users of different ages, cultural backgrounds, social classes, and abilities, and provides diverse ways of using the site and experiential feelings. This is in line with the public nature of urban open spaces, and thus has become an important design concept for providing equal usage opportunities to various social groups in public spaces such as urban streets, squares, and parks. The purpose of inclusive design is to make urban public spaces age - friendly, accessible to vulnerable groups, inclusive of low - income groups and diverse cultures, and comprehensive public spaces that can meet diverse usage needs.
△ 以风之广场为例，满足多样化使用需求的综合性公共空间
△ 位于潍坊街角的风之广场是一个典型的多样、多元以及全龄化的街角广场
△ 所有的人群都可以在这个广场上找到自己的专属空间
所以公共空间设计的过程，就是设计师在以包容性设计为前提下，不断进行空间资源利用选择的过程。这个过程必须考虑周边城市区域各种人群（包括儿童、老人、中年人、甚至各种状态下不同类型人群的行为，比如放学的孩子、随机路过的行人、周边刚逛完街的消费人群等），在这个空间里的使用频率、使用方式、以及使用需求。这种包容性，不光是对城市中人活动的包容，也更是对城市自然系统的包容，比如城市生态的多样性、城市整体水环境的考虑、城市雨洪管理的局部适应、现状植物的存留保护与再利用。所以在公共空间设计的过程中，我们必须进行空间上更为冗余的考虑。然而从哲学和逻辑学的层面去思考，似乎这是违反奥卡姆剃刀原理的。哲学家告诉我们“除非必要，勿增实体”，而我们却一直在试图为空间不断叠加BUFF，让空间里内容维度更为多元复杂，以期在不同时间切片下，满足不同人群对空间的要求。
Therefore, the process of public space design is a process in which designers, under the premise of inclusive design, continuously make choices regarding the utilization of space resources. During this process, it is necessary to consider the behavior of various groups of people in the surrounding urban areas (including children, the elderly, middle - aged people, and even different types of people in various states, such as children after school, random passers - by, and consumers who have just finished shopping in the vicinity), their frequency of use, usage methods, and usage needs in this space. This inclusiveness is not only about accommodating the activities of people in the city but also about embracing the urban natural system. For example, it involves considerations such as the diversity of urban ecology, the overall urban water environment, local adaptation to urban stormwater management, and the preservation, protection, and reuse of existing plants. Therefore, in the process of public space design, we must make more redundant spatial considerations. However, when thinking from the philosophical and logical perspectives, this seems to violate Occam's Razor principle. Philosophers tell us that "entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity," yet we have been constantly trying to stack "BUFFs" on the space, making the content dimensions in the space more diverse and complex, so as to meet the spatial requirements of different groups of people at different time slices.
△ 褶皱之丘社区公园
△ 位于绍兴上虞的街角公园， 作为 城市绿道起点的公园
△ 为周边各色居民提供了丰富多元的休憩功能
这是因为，城市本身就是一个复杂生命系统，这个生命系统有着随着时间推移不断新陈代谢的过程。城市公共空间包容性构建的过程，就是从个体需求到群体需求再到系统需求，最终回归到空间中构建空间系统的一个过程。这也是为什么，我们的设计理念是以繁为起点的“以繁至唯一”，我们自始至终都在试图从繁琐的场地条件中找到可以解决问题的钥匙。
This is because the city itself is a complex living system, which undergoes a continuous process of metabolism over time. The process of building the inclusiveness of urban public spaces is a journey from individual needs to group needs and then to system needs, ultimately returning to constructing a spatial system within the space. This is also why our design concept is "from complexity to singularity" with complexity as the starting point. From beginning to end, we have been trying to find the key to solving problems from the complicated site conditions.
△ 能量花园，把通道、休憩、等候、嬉戏、城市文化融入了空间其中
△ 为城市提供了一个多元的街角花园
如何在多元繁杂的信息中找到那个“唯一”？这也是一个系统性的问题，但HID认为应当至少有以下三点作为目标：
首先是 “吸 引 ” ，构建一个适合的有吸引力的空间磁极是包容性被激活的前提；
其次是 “ 场景 ” ，是在容器中通过场景重塑人与人之间的关系，是公共空间具备长久活力的关键；
最后是
“ 生长 ”
，一个包容性公共场所也具备时间维度上的生长力，符合城市发展的预期。
这三点，正是对刘易斯芒福德在《城市发展史》中对城市的“磁体、容器、进化”的三大定义的衍生与实践体验。
How to find the “one and only” amidst the diverse and complex information? This is also a systematic issue. However, HID believes that at least the following three points should be taken as goals:
First is attraction. Constructing a suitable and appealing spatial magnetic pole is a prerequisite for the activation of inclusiveness.
Second is the scenario. It is about reshaping the relationships among people through scenarios within the container, and it is the key to endowing public spaces with long - lasting vitality.
Finally is growth. An inclusive public place should also possess the growth potential in the time dimension, meeting the expectations of urban development.
These three points are precisely the derivation and practical experience of Lewis Mumford's three definitions of a city - “magnet, container, evolution” - in The City in History.
02 吸引
ATTRACTION
城市更新的过程，就是为这个生命系统已经衰败的部位重新造血的过程。在城市更新项目中，拿到项目条件的时候，场地已经在城市的某个角落存在很久，有很大一部分场地已经无法适应城市发展的需求，失去了活力。在进行场地设计之前，我们必须重新针对周边的城市功能、区域交通、城市人口构成等进行合理的判断，并以此作为依据重新为空间赋予最适合的场地属性，让其重新具有与片区吻合的吸引力。好的功能定位能让场地立刻被激活，成为城市中极富吸引力的空间，并辐射到其周边空间。
The process of urban renewal is like a process of re - blood - making for the decaying parts of this living system. In urban renewal projects, when obtaining the project conditions, the site has already been in a certain corner of the city for a long time. A large part of the site can no longer meet the needs of urban development and has lost its vitality. Before conducting the site design, we must make a reasonable judgment again on the surrounding urban functions, regional transportation, urban population composition, etc., and use this as a basis to re - endow the space with the most suitable site attributes, so that it can regain the attractiveness that matches the area. A good functional positioning can immediately activate the site, turning it into an extremely attractive space in the city and radiating to the surrounding spaces.
例如我们在宜昌夷陵区篮球公园项目，就是通过对这个下沉场地重新定义，赋予街头篮球公园的功能，让其成为一个“在我工作场所附近”的篮球公园，重新激活了这片城市下沉空间以新的活力，也同时激活了其他功能和周边空间。
For instance, in the Basketball Park project in Yiling District, Yichang, we redefined the sunken site and endowed it with the function of a street - style basketball park. By positioning it as a "basketball park near my workplace", we breathed new life into this sunken urban space. This not only re - energized the space itself but also activated other functions and the surrounding areas.
△ “在我工作场所附近”的篮球公园，激活城市下沉空间的同时
△ 已然成为周边居民闲暇之余必去的公共休闲场所
吸引力的打造不仅仅局限于赋予功能，更重要的一点是将场地资源与市民重新建立链接。如同样在宜昌核心街区云集路边的云集公园，设计因势利导，为城市开辟出一片开放的、多元的通透绿色空间，让大树的林荫空间与市民活动重新发生关联。设计没有置入很多功能，只是充分利用场地的本身资源——大树和地形，重新梳理树干标高与城市、道路、水体的关系，让林下空间成为一个艺术性的、人可以呆住的自然空间。
The creation of attractiveness is not merely limited to endowing functions. More importantly, it is about re - establishing a connection between the site resources and the citizens. Take Yunji Park, which is located beside Yunji Road in the core area of Yichang, for example. The design takes advantage of the existing conditions, creating an open, diverse and transparent green space for the city, thus re - establishing the connection between the shaded space of big trees and citizens' activities. The design doesn't incorporate a large number of functions. Instead, it makes full use of the site's own resources - big trees and terrain. It re - arranges the elevation of tree trunks in relation to the city, roads and water bodies, turning the space under the trees into an artistic and natural space where people can linger.
△ 被打开的林下空间，人的活动自然而然的被吸引融入其中
当然很多时候，赋予功能以及充分利用场地资源，是远远不够的，尤其是在面对有一定旅游目的地性质的更新项目的时候。例如六泉湖儿童公园这个项目，本身就位于紧邻城市的山水旅游目的地的一处儿童活动场地，但原来的场地早已不再满足其作为全市域旅游目的地的定位，我们所做的除了强化儿童活动功能、利用原场地高差关系，还赋予其“猇”主题山间活力环的儿童无动力设施，激活了整个活动场地，为旅游目的地的运营带来了极大的增效。
Of course, in many cases, endowing functions and making full use of site resources are far from enough, especially when dealing with renewal projects with a certain nature of tourist destinations. Take the Liuquan Lake Children's Park project as an example. This project is located in a children's activity area close to a mountain - water tourist destination adjacent to the city. However, the original site no longer meets its positioning as a city - wide tourist destination. In addition to strengthening the children's activity functions and making use of the elevation difference of the original site, we also endow it with a "Xiao" - themed mountain - style active loop of children's non - powered facilities, which has activated the entire activity site and brought great efficiency improvement to the operation of the tourist destination.
△
猇主题活力环激活了整个山麓空间，让其成为全龄向往的活动场地
△ 六泉湖儿童乐园
△ 与自然的高度交互，让场地充满吸引力
03 场景
SENARIO
城市更新的过程，也是在空间里重建人与人关系的过程。而在这个过程里，设计回应的不仅仅是每个个体需要什么，而是努力构建各个时间切片下人与人之间相互作用的场景。我们无法规范空间使用的规则，但是可以尊重个体人群的使用习惯和需求，通过构建场地独一无二的吸引力，潜移默化地组织人与人之间的相互作用，构建不同时间切片下的不同使用场景，从而促进城市公共空间的包容性和多元化。
The process of urban renewal is also a process of reconstructing human relationships in space. In this process, design responds not only to the needs of each individual but also endeavors to create scenarios of interaction among people at different time slices. We cannot dictate the rules for space utilization, but we can respect the usage habits and needs of different groups of individuals. By creating a unique appeal for the site, we can subtly organize interactions among people and develop different usage scenarios at different time slices, thereby promoting the inclusivity and diversification of urban public spaces.
比如我们做的旋转水滴花园——作为一个在旧城中拆除一栋建筑腾挪出来的街角公园，对于拥挤的逐渐熵增的老城区来说，他必须具有极大的空间包容性以提高周边城市居民的福祉。我们考察周边的用地及社区情况，发现老城区本身缺乏儿童可以游乐的空间。于是我们构建了一个以城市步行交通组织为结构基础，儿童活力空间为内核的小型街角公园。下沉的活动绿地成为街角一个安全的空间，上午日头当空之前和下午日薄西山之后，是周边老小区的孩子们的安全活动空间。这个时间点上，边上廊架以及下沉的台阶成了大人坐着看护的最佳场所。欢声笑语间带来的城市活力，也让周边上班的上班族在路过等红灯的时候，暂停脚步，驻足片刻，感受人间烟火。这里逐渐成为居民休憩、甚至中年人练习广场舞的街角多元空间。自然而然的这里成为一个看与被看，戏耍与闲聊的多元容器空间。随着时间的推移，这里逐渐开出了街角商业场所。
Take the Rotating Water Drop Garden we designed as an example. As a street-corner park created by demolishing a building in an old city, for the crowded old urban area with a gradually increasing entropy, it must have great spatial inclusiveness to improve the well - being of the surrounding urban residents. We investigated the surrounding land use and community conditions and found that the old urban area itself lacked spaces for children to play. Therefore, we built a small street - corner park with the urban pedestrian traffic organization as the structural basis and the children's active space as the core. The sunken activity green space becomes a safe space at the street corner. Before noon and after sunset, it serves as a safe activity space for the children from the surrounding old residential communities. At these times, the corridor frames and the sunken steps nearby become the best places for adults to sit and watch over the children. The vitality of the city brought by the laughter and chatting also makes the office workers passing by stop for a moment when waiting for the red light, and experience the hustle and bustle of daily life. Gradually, this place has become a multi - functional street - corner space for residents to rest and even for middle - aged people to practice square dancing. Naturally, it has become a multi - functional container space for people to observe and be observed, play and chat. As time goes by, commercial establishments have gradually emerged at this street corner.
△ 旋转的水滴重构了场地的动线，构成了一个具有包容性的街角游乐场所
△ 建成后的旋转水滴花园为老城居民提供了多元的活动方式
04 生长
GROWTH
城市更新的过程，也必须前瞻性地考虑时间维度上的生长。空间设计通常是三维的，但城市更新的设计却必须叠加时间维度进行四维的考虑，城市的人口密度会随时间变迁，人口结构会随时间变化，城市的用地性质也会随政策改变，所以城市更新设计不像住区设计是为了某个时间节点上的产品销售，更不是一蹴而就的达成，需要有更多结合城市运营的前瞻性考虑。
In the process of urban renewal, it is also necessary to consider the growth in the time dimension prospectively. Spatial design is usually three - dimensional, but the design of urban renewal must be considered in four dimensions by adding the time dimension. The population density of a city will change over time, the population structure will vary with time, and the land use nature of the city will also change according to policies. Therefore, urban renewal design is not like residential area design, which is aimed at product sales at a certain time point, nor can it be achieved overnight. It requires more forward - looking considerations in combination with urban operations.
我们很多案例都必须要从时间维度去考虑这个问题，目前最典型的案例就是夷陵三巷的兴安广场。项目是夷陵三巷老城区的全区域改造项目中的重要沿街广场，整个项目的设计过程设计者、管理者、经营者进行了多次的讨论，设计立场是希望场地有趣、能为周边居民城市提供一个“有桌子的”城市空间，管理者希望场地能吸引年轻人的到来，让老城重新富有活力，经营者希望稳定自己的经营范围，不在短时间内被周边老城居民影响经营。这是个非常有趣的讨论过程，项目还在推进的过程中，希望不久的将来能为大家呈现一个好的作品。
In many of our cases, we have to consider this issue from the time dimension. Currently, the most typical case is Xing'an Square in Yiling Third Lane. The project is an important street-side square in the comprehensive renovation project of the old urban area of Yiling Third Lane. During the design process of the entire project, designers, managers, and operators have held numerous discussions. The design stance is to make the site interesting and provide a "table-equipped" urban space for the surrounding residents. Managers hope that the site can attract young people and revitalize the old city. Operators hope to stabilize their business scope and not be affected by the surrounding old-city residents in a short time. This is a very interesting discussion process. The project is still in progress, and we hope to present a good work to everyone in the near future.
05 结语
CONCLUSION
在这个存量的时代下， 我们认为城市的景观设计不再是从0到1的探讨，而是从1到无限可能的探究，是以构建充满吸引力、生命力的场景空间为目标的过程。这个过程即是为场地重新赋予核心吸引物的过程，也是重塑城市人与人关系的过程，更是为城市系统自我代谢提供养料的过程，最终目标是打造城市中包容性的福祉。作为HID的设计师，很荣幸能处于这样的时代洪流中，参与多样的城市更新项目。
In this era of stock resources, we believe that urban landscape design is no longer about exploring from scratch (from 0 to 1), but rather about exploring from 1 to infinite possibilities. It is a process aimed at creating appealing and vibrant scene spaces. This process is not only about re - endowing the site with core attractions, but also about reshaping the relationships between people in the city. Moreover, it is a process of providing nourishment for the self - metabolism of the urban system. The ultimate goal is to create inclusive well - being in the city. As designers at HID, we are honored to be in this great trend of the times and participate in diverse urban renewal projects.
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