高密度校园的空间应对，有效的设计策略—— 深圳福田中学

深圳福田中学

reMIX

福田中学位于深圳这个中国最现代化、最具活力的大都市的中心地带，是一所开创性的寄宿学校。它的独特性来自于多种因素:极端的城市环境，非常高的密度，以及允许大多数设施与邻居共享的规划布局，共同使福田校园成为“城中新城”的原型。

Futian High School Campus is a ground-breaking model of boarding school in the heart of Shenzhen, the most modern and dynamic Chinese metropolis. Its unicity comes from multiple factors: a context of extreme urban conditions, a very high density, and a program layout that allows most facilities to be shared with the neighbors, together make Futian Campus a prototype of “a new city within the city”.

项目背景。1980 年，深圳设立“经济特区”之时，还只是一个人口仅 30 万的小渔村。漫长的海岸线和与香港毗邻的地理位置，使其具有重要战略意义。这座城市经历了人类历史上最快的城市化进程，仅44年后的今天，城市人口已接近 1800 万。这种前所未有的城市增长模式犹如一把双刃剑：一方面，它使深圳在社会和经济上成为中国创新的引擎；另一方面，深圳的土地稀缺和随人口扩张不断增长的公共配套设施需求之间的矛盾日益激化：深圳的人口与北京相近，但面积仅为北京的八分之一；公共配套，特别是教育用地严重短缺，学校、数量远远无法跟上城市发展的脚步。土地的稀缺迫使这批学校走向高密度校园的新类型。为了解决这一赤字，在过去的五年里，当地政府新建了200多所学校。

The context. In 1980, when Shenzhen was given the status of “special economic zone”, the city was little more than a cluster of fishermen villages with a total population of 300,000 inhabitants in a strategic geographic position due to its extended coastline and its proximity to Hong Kong. Thanks to its special status the city has experienced the fastest process of urbanization in human history and nowadays it hosts almost 18 million inhabitants. This unprecedented urban growth has had positive and negative effects: on the one hand, it has spurred the city to become the engine of Chinese innovation (both in social and economic terms); on the other hand, it has produced phenomena of hyper-densification due to scarcity of available soil - as a reference Shenzhen and Beijing have a similar population, but Shenzhen has only 1/8 of Beijing’s area - and lack of public facilities, particularly schools, which have not managed to keep up with the pace of growth of the rest of the city. To solve this deficit, in the last five years, the local government has built more than 200 new schools.

项目所在的福田区是特区的核心腹地，位于福田区中心的校园周边数公里内，可以看到这个年轻城市快速城市化产生的极为多样的城市肌理。东侧远方是香港米埔自然保护区湿地和连绵山脉，近处有拥挤的城中村（福田村，少数城中心存留的城中村之一）；西侧则是开阔的都市绿轴中心公园，远方则是CBD天际线；北、东、南三面被百米高层紧贴环绕，仅有西侧与城市街道福田路接驳——福田中学的场地可以被视作补完这片超高密度城中心区中的最后一块用地。城市对创新的追求在福田中学的设计竞赛中得到了回应。福田新校园行动计划“8+1”的一系列学校设计里，竞赛任务书要求建筑师从根本上重新思考“校园”的概念，探索新的学校建筑类型以应对前所未有的密度，适应新的教育模式改革；反思当代校园应担当的角色，提出新的校园空间范式以更好的与周边社区产生真实而紧密的共享关系。

Futian is located right at the center of the new metropolis. Within a radius of a few kilometers from the school, one can observe the greatest variety of urban fabrics: Hong Kong green reserve land in the distance, Futian urban village (one of the few remains of the old town) in the immediate adjacency, already surrounded by new 100+ meters high residential towers, the new Central Park in front and on the other side of the park, the imposing skyscrapers of the CBD. In this context, the site of the school, locked by high-rise buildings on three sides, presented itself as one of the last plots of low density to be upgraded by the new development. The city’s search for innovation resonated in the competition call for Futian High School, through a new urban manifesto called “8+1 - Futian New Campus Action Plan”. The competition brief asked architects to fundamentally rethink the idea of “campus” and explore new school typologies that had to address an unprecedented density and a changing educational system; in other words rethinking what a contemporary school campus should be and how it can operate locally, proposing new hybrid typologies that allow a stronger dialogue with its neighboring community.

城市策略。设计将教学塔楼和高层的宿舍体量沿着用地东侧和南侧布置，操场则布置于场地西侧，与周边已有的城市肌理共同形成东高西低的天际线，平稳地向西侧中心公园过渡。宿舍楼的庞大体量（长120米、高50米），经由一系列水平和竖向的体型“裂缝”，获得通透疏朗而尺度宜人的体形而融入周边环境，避免其产生对校园内外环境的压迫感。不同于大部分中国的中小学中操场被作为校园中心焦点的方式，福田中学始终向外聚焦，平行交织与微折的教学楼体量创造多条东西向视觉通廊，最大限度的扩大朝向开阔的中心公园和远方起伏的CBD天际线。学生不再与城市隔绝，而是成为周边都市的积极观察者。

Urban strategy. The higher volumes of the teaching towers and the dorms are placed along the east and south boundaries of the site, creating a clear connection with the skyline of the adjacent buildings and a smooth degrading transition towards the urban void of the park. The imposing volume of the dorms (120m long and 50m high) is divided by a series of vertical and horizontal cuts that articulate the massing and bring down its scale to blend with the built fabric of the adjacent urban village. Contrary to most Chinese schools that are arranged around a central focal point (usually the sports field), the buildings of Futian Campus are focusing outwards: through a series of visual corridors, all the volumes open up to the mesmerizing views of Futian Central Park and the CBD. Thus students are not isolated from the city anymore, but they are active spectators of the surrounding city.

城市剖面

多层地面

设计生成

一座没有围墙的学校：真正的城校共享。为了能够在用地紧张的场地上实现设计任务书中的所有功能需求，设计将操场抬升至7.4米的平台之上并靠西侧城市街道放置，如此布局造就了一个与众不同的城市界面：学校沿主干道的边界不再是围墙，而是一个透明而有吸引力的立面，市民可直接从街道进入社会门厅，进而通向操场平台下方的一系列文体设施。朝向城市和校园内部的双门厅设计，使得分时共享可以便捷的发生，却不会与校园内的学生活动相冲突。在周末或者举行特殊活动时，总面积达13600平方米的文体设施（篮球馆、风雨篮球场、排球场、羽毛球场、健身房、游泳池、展览空间以及一个可容纳 1000 人的报告厅）均能对外开放，使学校由封闭的孤岛转变成一个真正向公共开放的市民中心。

A school without a fence: sharing facilities with the neighbors. To fulfill all the functional requirements of the brief in a relatively small site, one crucial design decision was to elevate the running track 7.4m above the road level, creating a thick podium that hosts all the larger pieces of the program, organized around a series of courtyards that create a porous mat structure. This configuration allowed to creation of an unusual urban interface: rather than the standard blind fence, the school boundary along the main road is a transparent fa?ade that gives direct access to a series of semi-public facilities. On the weekends or for special events, a group of indoor and semi-outdoor basketball, volleyball, and badminton courts, a gym, a swimming pool, an exhibition space, and a 1,000 seats auditorium (in total 13,600 m2 of the public program) can all be opened to external users, thus transforming the school from a hermetic bubble into a civic center.

功能布局

裙房轴测图

剖透视图

为应对地块的不规则形状和局促的入口空间，设计将原本南北方向布置的操场逆时针旋转 15 度，不但可以吸纳不规则用地红线所造成的一系列边角空间，还在场地西南侧形成放大的入口广场和更加宜人开放的公共共享城市界面。操场的旋转使我们还给城市一个近千平方米的入口广场，一经落地即成为周边市民休闲、儿童玩耍运动的活力街区公园。一个大楼梯将街道与运动场的等级连接起来，使该设施能够作为一个适当的专业地区体育场运行，拥有3000多名观众的有盖座位。公共交通的设计包括未来增加人行天桥的计划，人行天桥将在体育场和公园之间建立直接连接。

As a response to the irregular shape of the site, the running track on top of the podium is rotated 15 degrees anti-clockwise from the ideal north-south orientation to create a smoother connection with the buildings around it. As a result, a triangular plaza is formed on the south-west corner of the plot, where the main gate is located. The entrance plaza is designed to give a generous space for the intense traffic of students and parents during school hours, but, especially in the evenings, it is also effectively a new active space open for public use. A large stair connects the street with the grades of the sports field, allowing the facility to operate as a proper professional district-level stadium with a covered seat capacity for more than 3,000 spectators. The design of the public circulation includes the plan for a future addition of a pedestrian bridge that would create a direct connection between the stadium and the park.

宿舍立面

B栋公共讨论区立面

雨棚立面

雨棚模型

超高密度校园的空间应对。福田校区是一所容纳3000名学生的社区寄宿学校，占地面积4.1万平方米，总建筑面积12万平方米。该项目最初是对一所现有学校的改造，但原有的建筑面积必须翻四倍，这使得任何保护策略都不可能实现。有了这样的数量，实现最佳的太阳能条件、适当的自然通风、消防安全以及其他严格的规范要求已经是一个很大的成就，但最具挑战性的设计目标是减轻这种高密度容易产生的压迫感。对于这个范围，reMIX的策略集中在两个主要原则上:最大化孔隙度和“倍增土壤”。

Mediating the extreme density. Futian Campus is a boarding school for a community of 3,000 students with a GFA of 120,000 m2 on a plot area of 41,000 m2. The project started as a renovation of an existing school, but the original floor area had to be quadrupled, making any preservation strategy impossible. With such numbers, the fulfillment of optimal solar conditions, proper natural ventilation, fire safety, and other strict normative requirements was already a big achievement, but the most challenging design goal was to mitigate the sense of oppression that such high density could easily generate. For this scope, reMIX’s strategy focused on two main principles: maximizing porosity and “multiplying grounds”.

通过在垂直轴(庭院)和水平轴(覆盖的露台)上插入不同大小的空隙，实现高孔隙度，这不仅是一种有效的设计策略，以适应自然通风至关重要的亚热带气候条件，而且也是一种创造新的半室外空间的方式，这种空间在人类尺度上运作，有助于打破整体体量的气势。同样，通过“倍增场地”，体量过程旨在创造尽可能多的活动表面，将建筑体量分开，并将它们放置在不同的相互连接的层面上。这是一种空间策略，通过各种各样的连接和围场类型，产生了一个不断变化的户外空间和节点过滤器的分布式网络，平滑了景观和建筑之间的过渡。

Achieving a high porosity, through the insertion of voids of different sizes both on the vertical axis (courtyards) and on the horizontal axis (covered terraces) is not only a valid design strategy to adapt to sub-tropical climatic conditions where natural ventilation is crucial, but it is also a way of creating new semi-outdoor spaces that operate at the human scale and help break down the imposing monumentality of the overall massing. On a similar line, by “multiplying grounds” the massing process aims at creating as many active surfaces as possible, splitting the building volumes and displacing them on different interconnected levels. It is a spatial strategy that generates a distributed network of ever-changing outdoor spaces and nodal filters through a large variety of connections and typologies of the enclosure, smoothening up the transition between the landscape and the buildings.

学生食堂

运动场

THE LOOP | 空中社交圈：不仅仅是一个交通体系，当然也不仅仅是为了效率而驱动，没有一个连接是直的，也没有遵循最短步行原则。它是不同社会空间(座位区、露天教室、圆形剧场、屋顶花园等)的三维组合，旨在促进好奇心，激发学生之间的自发活动和交流，以某种方式重现城市中所有有趣的非正式互动。换句话说，这个环路是一个蜿蜒曲折的“社会弯道”，旨在组织校园生活，在社会隔离的情况下为不同的个人体验提供特权。

The loop: much more than a circulation system. The loop, though, is not just a circulation system and it is certainly not driven only by efficiency none of the connections is straight nor follows shortest-walk principles. It is rather a three-dimensional combination of diverse social spaces (seating areas, open-air classrooms, amphitheaters, roof gardens, etc.) that are designed to promote curiosity and inspire spontaneous activities and exchanges between students, recreating in a way all the interesting informal interactions that occur in the city. In other words, the loop is a meandering “social bend” designed to organize campus life, privileging diverse individual experiences despite social segregation.

空中社交圈

教学楼立面

生态校园。福田校区坐落在一条重要的候鸟通道上。在旧学校，在迁徙季节，学生们可以看到大群的鸟在运动场上的草地上休息，这也是比赛大纲要求建一个草地足球场的原因之一。校园的新体量向公园退化，使其成为一个鸟类友好的生态系统。平台上的多个庭院和花园的设计是为了解决雨水管理策略和人类相关的需求，而教学塔楼的绿色屋顶主要是为鸟类设计的。一个三维的绿色空间系统创造了一个相互联系的生态基础设施。绿色系统的设计回应了多个功能目标:为候鸟提供食物，雨水花园和植物展示区提供环境效益，以及为学生提供有价值的教育材料。

An ecological campus. The futian campus is located along a very important corridor for migratory birds. In the old school, during the migration season, students could observe big flocks of birds resting on the grass of the sports field - one of the reasons why the competition brief asked for a grass football pitch. The new massing of the campus degrading towards the park makes it a bird-friendly eco-system. While the multiple courtyards and gardens on the podium are designed to address stormwater management strategies and human-related needs, the green roofs of the teaching towers are mainly designed for the birds. A three-dimensional system of green spaces creates an interconnected ecological infrastructure. The design of the green system responds to multiple functional goals: food provision for migratory birds, rain gardens and botanical exhibition areas provide environmental benefits as well as valuable educational material for the students.

峡谷区

候鸟迁徙路径

生态剖面

项目图纸

首层平面图

三层平面图

六   层平面图

  七   层平面图

剖面图

  剖面图

  雨棚节点图

  宿舍节点图

教学楼节点图