城市自然的再认知：典型城市荒野空间的识别特征及应对策

钱蕾西/QIAN Leixi

北京林业大学园林学院在读博士研究生

王晞月/WANG Xiyue

北京林业大学园林学院讲师，硕士生导师

王向荣*/WANG Xiangrong

北京林业大学园林学院教授，博士生导师/本刊主编

摘要： 在城市发展进程中，诸多因原有自然基底条件限制或用地性质转变等原因，而未经过多人工干预的土地发展成为城市荒野空间。从城市自然再认知的角度出发，辨析了城市荒野在传承人地共生关系、承载生态系统服务功能以及提升城市生物多样性等方面的潜质；梳理出城市荒野的基本类型与存续目标，包括初级荒野的整体保护、次级荒野的再生与利用、间隙荒野的激活与新生，以及类荒野的认知引导。在此基础上，结合案例研究，归纳出每类城市荒野空间发展的典型策略与应用情境，以期从理论框架和实践应用层面推进城市荒野空间有效的组织利用，为中国城市更新与可持续发展提供新思路。

关键词： 风景园林；城市荒野；特征；自然；策略

Abstract: With rapid urbanization, many lands that have not had much manual intervention due to the limitations of the original natural situations or the transformation of landuse have developed into urban wilderness spaces. Based on the recognition of urban nature, this paper analyzes its potential in inheriting the symbiotic relationship between human and land, playing the role as the carrier of ecological services, and enhancing urban biodiversity. It sorts out the basic types and goals of urban wilderness, including the overall protection of primeval wilderness, the regeneration and utilization of secondary wilderness, the activation and rebirth of interstitial wilderness, and aesthetic guidance for pseudo-wilderness. On this basis, combined with literature analysis and case studies, the typical strategies and related application technologies to achieve the goals of each type of urban wilderness are summarized. This study promotes the effective organization and construction of urban wilderness spaces from the perspective of theoretical framework and practical application, providing new ideas for urban renewal and sustainable development in China.

Keywords: landscape architecture; urban wilderness; feature; nature; strategy

20世纪80年代以来，我国高度重视生态环境的保护与治理，并在城市发展进程中逐步加大城市绿化建设力度，至今已取得显著成果。然而，绿化覆盖率的增加并不一定等同于生态环境质量的高水平发展；快速建设形成的城市绿地常呈现出较高人工化痕迹及生境同质化现象，难以满足公众对自然环境的多元需求。

在城市中存在着诸多因用地性质转变、使用功能调整等原因而疏于养护管理、未有过多人工干预的空间，呈现出土地撂荒、植物自由生长，乃至动物穿行栖息的情形。重新审视城市中这类长期被忽略的自然空间具有重要意义。本文将这些城市环境中人类干预及控制程度相对较低的、由自发演替主导土地发展的空间称为“城市荒野空间”。

1.1 文明与“原型”共塑的人地关系

从古至今，在不同的文化及社会背景中都能看到人与荒野在精神层面上的链接。先辈们对于人与自然和谐共生关系的恒久追求，可以视为人对“荒野”原型的憧憬。当代研究表明，城市荒野空间中蕴含的自然野性特质还能帮助城市中的人们塑造健全心智、培养多元自然观和审美观。可见，城市中需要有比花园或典型城市公园更具自然原真性的环境，以回溯并延续和谐的人地关系。

1.2 城市生态系统服务价值与生物多样性的提升

由于城市荒野在形成与发展过程中未受到明显人为干扰，其生态系统通常具备很强的地域环境适应性和稳定性，能够自发地、高效且低投入地发挥生态系统服务功能。

同时，城市荒野空间数量多、分布广、尺度弹性大，有机会作为其他类型绿地的连接器，发挥生态踏脚石的优势。以此共同形成生态网络为物种迁移与基因交流提供结构性支撑，从群落结构多样性和物种丰富度两方面保护与提升城市生物多样性。

本文从城市可持续发展与环境营建角度出发，归纳出城市中4种典型荒野空间(表1)。其中，初级荒野和次级荒野是荒野空间的基本属性，主要关注自然演替介入的时间阶段和人为干预程度；而间隙荒野和类荒野则是2类典型的城市荒野空间，强调从营建策略的角度对场地原有基底条件与应用潜力进行识别与发挥。

表1 典型城市荒野空间及其识别特征

2.1 初级荒野：整体保护 

■ 2.1.1 类型识别

初级荒野指未受到明显人为干预、以自然状态持续发展的荒野环境。随着城市的扩张，一些大尺度绿色空间或其中部分地带因远离高强度的开发建设、受到人为干扰较少，而具有良好的自然基底和多样的生物物种，成为少有的存在于城市中的初级荒野空间。

■ 2.1.2 典型策略

初级荒野空间通常具有很高的生态系统服务价值与生物多样性，需以整体保护为存续目标，通过设立梯度式保护分区和修复碎片化原生生境等方式维持或恢复其中的自然演替过程。

在诸多大型绿色空间的规划中，依托综合生态分析划定梯度式分区、确立初级荒野空间的保护范围与结构，以集中型或镶嵌型结构关系，对城市中初级荒野空间进行整体保护(图1)。当人为活动对部分初级荒野空间中的自然过程带来扰动时，通过恰当的保护与修复策略，配合生态系统一定程度的自我修复能力，可以帮助其恢复其自然演替进程。

图1 长株潭绿心中央公园融城组团与大型生态绿心结构研究示意图(北京市建筑设计研究院有限公司、北京林业大学园林学院提供) 

2.2 次级荒野：再生与利用

■ 2.2.1 类型识别

次级荒野指当持续性高强度的人为控制或影响停止后，还原于由自然过程主导动态发展的土地。次级荒野常因城市与社会发展进程中的政治变迁、经济结构改变、人口增减及土地利用方式改变等原因导致土地长期撂荒、进入自然演替进程而逐渐形成。因此，次级荒野所属土地背景更复杂，用地性质与形态更多样。

■ 2.2.2 典型策略

次级荒野主要通过适度留白延续自然过程、辅助营造荒野景观2种策略途径，从侧重保障自然过程和延续场所记忆的角度，实现其再生与利用。

对原有次级荒野空间中自发的生物活动和演替过程予以最大限度的尊重与保留，可以展现自然的自主意识与荒野景观风貌(图2)。此外，还可以在城市中较为大型的绿色游憩空间内划定部分区域限制人为活动，使场地自发演替形成次级荒野，以此将自然生态保护与城市游憩活动进行协调。

图2 江洋畈生态公园划定的自然演替区域(作者摄) 

在工业闲置地、采矿废弃地、垃圾填埋场等次级荒野常见的棕地环境中，常会有一些特殊的地形、场地肌理、材料与设施遗存。因此，通过一些人为措施对其中的自然过程进行引导，并结合设计从体验与感知的角度对其赋予景观功能，有机会将这些空间转化为呈现独特荒野景观的场所(图3)。

图3 南宁园博会采石场花园——双秀园中的荒野景观(多义景观提供) 

2.3 间隙荒野：激活与新生

■ 2.3.1 类型识别

间隙荒野指在一些被人们忽略的，如高速路边缘、铁道或电力线周边、河渠两岸、废弃花园、露台、街角等小型或线性的城市缝隙空间中，植被自然萌发而形成的、具有散点状、线性等典型结构特征的荒野环境。

■ 2.3.2 典型策略

将间隙荒野空间作为生态踏脚石与周边绿地进行连接，有助于完善城市生态廊道、协同构建城市绿色基础设施(图4)。间隙荒野是4类荒野空间中更贴近城市生活环境的类型，在一定的保护与维护措施下，有助于提升城市居民的生活健康福祉。然而目前在我国，它的生态及社会价值暂未得到足够的关注与利用。如何利用并激活间隙荒野空间，使其为高质量人居环境营建提供多元支持，是未来需要重点关注与探讨的议题。

图4 京张铁路遗址公园中居民活动与生态功能的和谐并存(作者摄)

2.4 类荒野：认知引导

■ 2.4.1 类型识别

类荒野指模拟荒野的组成要素和风貌特征，人为营建形成的荒野景观空间。类荒野在一定程度上是对现有荒野空间概念的扩展，代表着一种以自然为蓝本的设计理念和审美趋向，是主流审美的进步与社会发展进程中不断“生长”的自然观的产物。

■ 2.4.2 典型策略

类荒野空间不仅需要具有类似自然荒野环境的风景面貌，也需要具备接近自然状态的生物学特性(图5、6)。可以通过近自然植物景观设计和历时性与多元参与式设计，为公众提供荒野自然的认知机会。因此，类荒野的设计对风景园林师在设计理念、生态原理、植物配植、养护管理、审美等方面的能力都提出了更高要求。

在类荒野的创作中，设计师不仅需要将“荒野”原型通过技术手段应用于场地，还需通过设计手段组织创造出多元体验与感知方式，从而充分调动公众的景观想象力，唤醒每个人内心中对“荒野”的依赖与共鸣，将精神内涵赋予到类荒野空间中。 

△图5 Skt Kjelds生态社区(Sankt Kjeld's Square and Bryggervangen)中的类荒野(作者摄) 

△图6 1993年德国斯图加特国际园艺博览会中营建的类荒野仍呈现出良好的荒野景观风貌(作者摄) 

当城市荒野从空间上存续、在生态上连续，以及因形成审美认同而得以延续，那么城市中的自然就不会只是地图上的一抹绿色，而是融入每个人生活中的自然场所，是人类与自然长久和谐共生的美好场景。

Since the 1980s, China has attached great importance to the protection and governance of the ecological environment, and has gradually enforced urban greening construction in the process of urban development. As of 2020, the average green coverage rate of urban built-up areas in China had reached 42.1%, which was a remarkable achievement in terms of improving the level of urban greening. However, the increase in green coverage is not necessarily equivalent to the high-quality development of ecological environment; urban green spaces formed by rapid construction often show high artificial traces and habitat homogeneity, causing it hard to meet the diverse needs of the public for the natural environment. In this context, improveing the richness and diversity of green spaces in the city has become an essential proposition that needs to be considered and explored in urban green development. 

Inside the city, there are many spaces that are neglected in maintenance and management due to changes in the land use, adjustment of land functions and other reasons, and because there is not much manual intervention, there could be abandoned lands, free growth of plants, and even animals passing through and inhabiting. In this study, these spaces dominated by spontaneous succession, with a relatively low degree of human intervention and land developmentare called "urban wilderness spaces". Their typical identification features and coping strategies are summarized to provide new perspectives ontaking advantage of such natural spaces in cities. 

1 The Value and Potential of Urban Wilderness Spaces

The value and development potential of urban wilderness space are mainly reflected in ecological benefits and cultural values. Understanding them is the basis for the rational protection and utilization of urban wilderness space. 

1.1 The human-land relationship co-shaped by civilization and "archetype" 

Throughout history, the spiritual connection between people and the wilderness can be found in various culture and social backgrounds. Although the wilderness is presented in various forms, it always indicates the lasting pursuit of the ancestors for the harmonious and symbiotic relationship between man and nature. Such a consensus can also be regarded as a manifestation of collective unconsciousness which is guided by the archetype of "wilderness". 

In the process of urban development, the living environment gradually diverges from the wilderness with natural authenticity, and the wilderness spaces are replaced by the wellmaintained urban green spaces. Inside the cities, there needs to be an environment that is more natural and authentic than a garden or a park. Urban wilderness spaces could not only satisfy human's pursuit of the archetype of "wilderness", but also help urban population build a healthy mind and diverse views of nature and aesthetics. 

1.2 Enhancement of the efficiency of urban ecosystem services and biodiversity 

As a product of natural succession, compared with ordinary urban green spaces, urban wilderness spaces have the potential to play a more efficient ecosystem support and regulation service function under the conditions of low cost and low maintenance, and become a carrier of highquality green development in cities. In addition, the ecosystem of the urban wilderness space has strong adaptability to the regional environment, making it a repository of local germplasm resources. Wilderness areas have the opportunity to derive more diverse vegetation community structures and develop into diverse habitat patches in cities to meet the needs of more animal species for shelter, foraging, habitat and nesting. The urban wilderness spaces characterize in large amount, wide distribution, and large-scale units, and have the opportunity to serve as a connector for other types of green spaces, giving full play to the advantages of ecological stepping stones. In this way, an ecological network is formed to provide structural support for species migration and gene exchange, and to protect and enhance urban biodiversity in terms of community structure diversity and species richness. 

2 Typologies and Continuance Strategies of Urban Wilderness Spaces 

This paper summarizes four categories of typical wilderness spaces in the city from the perspectives of sustainable urban development and environmental construction, including the primeval ones with almost no human intervention, secondary wilderness where nature re-dominated the land development process after human activities ceased, structural interstitial wilderness spontaneously formed in redundant urban spaces, and artificially constructed pseudo-wilderness. Among them, the definitions of primeval wilderness and secondary wilderness are emphasized on the time stage of natural succession intervention and the degree of human intervention, which are the primary attributes of wilderness spaces; while interstitial wilderness and pseudo-wilderness focus on identifying the original base conditions and application potential of the site from the perspective of urban wilderness construction strategies. Based on the typical types and goals of urban wilderness, the authors propose a corresponding strategic path from the aspects of ecological protection and restoration, undertaking urban functions, and planning and design. 

2.1 The overall protection of primeval wilderness 

2.1.1 Category identification 

Primeval wilderness refers to a wilderness environment that continues to develop in a natural state without apparent human intervention. Primeval wilderness generally has compact and organic boundary morphology and covers a large area; plant communities are mainly in the peak of natural succession, with relatively stable community structure and differentiated vegetation gradients; and it characterizes in higher ecological connectivity and integration, effectively enabling it a long-term habitat and reproduction sites for species. 

With the city's expansion, some largescale green spaces far away from high-intensity development and less disturbed by human beings, reveal good natural bases and diverse biological species. They become the rare primeval wilderness spaces in cities. 

2.1.2 Typical strategies 

Primeval wilderness spaces usually have the highest ecosystem service value and biodiversity, and is also more vulnerable to disturbance by human activities in the city. Therefore, primeval wilderness needs to be protected on an overall scale as its goal, and to be maintained or restored in its natural succession process by establishing gradient protection zones and restoring fragmented native habitats. 

In recent years, the planning of some large green spaces has adopted the method of gradient zoning. Relying on comprehensive ecological analysis, these projects delineated gradient zoning and established the protection scope and structure of primeval wilderness spaces with centralized or mosaic structural relationships. 

Due to their proximity to urban built-up areas, relatively incomplete shapes, and imperfect regulatory systems, some primeval wilderness is easily affected by urban construction, forming some remnant habitats fragmented by urban built-up areas. When human activities have disturbed the original natural process, habitat restoration can be carried out under the principle of overall protection. 

2.2 The regeneration and utilization of secondary wilderness

2.2.1 Category identification 

Secondary wilderness refers to land reverted to dynamic development dominated by natural processes when persistent high-intensity human control or influence ceases. Due to the changes of political and economic structures or landusage, and the fluctuation of population, some areas have been abandoned for a long time and have entered the process of natural succession, gradually formed into secondary wilderness in the process of urban and social development. Because of the different stages of the natural succession process, the vegetation communities in the secondary wilderness space often show significant differences. Some are bare landsor in the early stage of succession, and some areas enter the succession due to the long abandonment time. 

2.2.2 Typical strategies 

Secondary Wilderness is a more complex and diverse type of urban wilderness. The regeneration and utilization of the natural process could be realized from the perspective of focusing on ensuring the natural process and the continuation of the memory of the place, mainly through two strategies to continue the natural process and assist the creation of itself. 

Industrial areas' soil conditions are often different to the local, so that the secondary wilderness may form particular animal and plant species. Continuing these natural processes will help protect precious species resources. In addition, in the large green recreational spaces, part of the areas can be delimited to restricted human activities, so that the site spontaneously succeeds in forming secondary wilderness, so as to coordinate natural ecological protection and urban recreational activities. 

Secondary wilderness is commonly found in brownfields such as industrial vacant land, mining wasteland, and landfills in cities. After these sites are abandoned, some special topography, site texture, materials and facilities are usually left, which provide good conditions for landscape construction. On this basis, some artificial measures combined with the design are used to guide the natural process, and to give it a landscape function from the perspective of experience and perception. 

2.3 The activation and rebirth of interstitial wilderness 

2.3.1 Category identification 

Interstitial wilderness refers to a wilderness with typical structural characteristics such as scatter and linearity, formed by the natural germination of vegetation in some neglected urban gaps. They often exist in small or linear urban interstitial spaces such as highway edges, railways or power lines, river banks, abandoned gardens, terraces, and street corners. 

2.3.2 Typical strategies

Interstitial wilderness is more common and closer to the urban living environment and has special value. It can be activated and regenerated by building urban green infrastructure and serving the neighborhood space. 

For the existing interstitial wilderness fragments in the city, they can be used as ecological stepping stones to connect the surrounding green spaces, improve the urban ecological corridors, and collaboratively build urban green infrastructures. 

Under certain protection and maintenance measures, the interstitial wilderness spaces can help improve the health and well-being of urban residents. But the ecological and social value of interstitial wilderness in China has not yet received enough attention or utilization. The way to use and activate the interstitial wilderness space to provide multiple supports for the construction of high-quality human settlements is an issue that needs to be focused on and discussed in the future. 

2.4 Aesthetic Guidance for Pseudo-wilderness

2.4.1 Category identification 

Pseudo-wilderness refers to the artificially constructed wilderness landscape space that simulates the elements and features of the wilderness, which is an extension of the existing concept of wilderness space to a certain extent. 

As the type with the relatively the most human intervention, pseudo-wilderness represents a design concept and aesthetic trend based on nature. As for the natural space from this kind of "design", it cannot be understood as the reoccupation of urban space by nature, or the process of reverse urbanization, but the product of the continuous "growing" view of nature in the process of mainstream aesthetics and social development. 

2.4.2 Typical strategies 

A pseudo-wilderness space not only needs to have a landscape similar to the natural wilderness environment, but also needs to have biological characteristics close to the natural state. Through the nature-approximating landscape design and diachronic and multi-participatory design, the public can be provided with the opportunity to recognize the wild nature. Therefore, the design of pseudo-wilderness highly demands on the ability of landscape architects in terms of design concepts, ecological principles, planting, maintenance management, and aesthetics. 

The appearance of pseudo-wilderness depends on the original conditions of the site and the subjective consciousness of the designer. By designing the composition and structure of key communities, it is possible to simulate the wild and seemingly disordered state in the natural state, and form a natural space that is sustainable, of low-maintenance, and has the characteristics of wilderness aesthetics. In recent years, there have been creative practices of taking wilderness landscapes as a blueprint in China, and beneficial attempts have been made in the construction and public participation of pseudo-wilderness. 

In the creation of pseudo-wilderness, designers not only need to apply the "wilderness" archetype to the site through technical means, but also need to organize and create multiple experience and perception methods through design methods, so as to fully mobilize the public's landscape imagination and awaken everyone's heart. 

3 Discussion and Outlook 

The research and practice object of landscape architecture is the entire surface space, aiming to achieve a continuous harmony and balance between human and nature. This paper summarizes four typical urban wilderness spaces, puts forward the goals and strategies, and focuses on the valuecarrying methods of various types of wilderness spaces. In the continuation or construction of urban wilderness spaces, it is often necessary to use the methods and technologies of ecological regulation or rewilding to ensure the natural succession process; under different goals, human intervention measures should be reasonably supplemented to ensure, guide or promote dynamic evolution. Combined with the needs of urban renewal and regional development, the wilderness spaces are used to create unique urban landscapes and activity places to improve the quality of urban life. 

When the urban wilderness can survive spatially, ecologically, and last long because of the formation of aesthetic identity, the nature in the city will not be just a touch of green on the map, but a natural place integrated into everyone's life, a place for human beings, a beautiful scene of long-term harmony with nature.