福建龙岩大和禅院扩建设计上海善祥建筑

  感谢 上海善祥建筑 的分享

“心如工画师，能画诸世间”

-《华严经》第四品

"The heart is like a painter, who can paint the world"    

-The fourth article of "Hua Yan Sutra"

 设计思考 

Design thinking

世界自有它的样貌，但在每个人心目中并不一样。

大和禅院也称大和庵，始建于明代，坐落于福建省龙岩市新罗区大池镇大和村西面的山谷里，位于海拔高度800多米的缓坡地台上。进入寺庙只有一条沿着山谷的盘山路，四周翠竹葱葱、流水潺潺，到了山谷尽头寺院前豁然开朗，背后是主峰双髻山，寺庙周边青山环抱，幽静深邃。原有寺舍早已不存，现有寺舍为上世纪九十年代翻建，约有300多平米，包括门楼、大雄宝殿、斋堂、厨房和几间储藏室。当地基本上有村庄就有客家祠堂，禅院位于客家地区的乡村，故而也是类似当地的祠堂式的四合院形式，和传统的大寺庙相比有一种小巧的韵味，随着时代的变迁，这种寺庙的数量在逐步减少。

The world has its own appearance, but it is different in everyone's mind.

Dahe Temple, also known as Dahe nunnery, was built in the Ming Dynasty. It is located  on a gentle slope with an altitude of more than 800 meters，which is in the valley west of Dahe Village, Dachi Town, Xinluo District, Longyan City, Fujian Province. There is only one spiral road along the valley to enter the temple, surrounded by lush bamboos and gurgling water. At the end of the valley, the temple suddenly become bright open，behind which is the main peak of Mount Hammerhead. Surrounded by the green hills, the temple is quiet and deep. The original temple building has passed away while the existing temple houses was renovated in the 1990s, covering about 300 square meters and including the gate tower, Hall of Ceremony,  temple hall, kitchen and several storage rooms. Provided village,there are basically Hakka Ancestral Halls. The temple is located in the countryside of the Hakka area. Therefore, it is also Quadrangle form similar to the local Clan, Ancestral Hall. Compared with the traditional large temples, it has a small charm. With the changes of the times, The number of this kind of temple is gradually decreasing.

由于越来越多的人希望来大和禅院学习佛法和体验禅修，原来的小寺庙越来越容纳不下，住持法师只好进行扩建，至少可以容纳四、五十名学员同时禅修。

As more and more people want to come to Dahe Temple to learn Buddhism and experience meditation, the original small temples became increasingly unacceptable, so the Abbot mage had to expand it so that at least four to fifty students could meditate at the same time.

这次扩建设计主要有三个分项：

第一个，新建一个禅修中心，包括禅堂、教室、学员宿舍、茶室等，为前来禅修的信众提供一个学习和休憩的空间，这是这次最为重点的一处设计，也是面积最大的一个场馆。

This design of expansion mainly has three sub-items:

The first one is to build a new meditation center, including meditation halls, classrooms, student dormitories, tea rooms, etc., to provide a learning and resting space for believers who come to meditation,which is ,this time, the most important design as well as one of the largest venues. 

 禅修中心 

整体采用传统院落式布局，运用了砖混结构和传统穿斗式木屋架，由村里的施工人员建造。有村民捐献了两根11米长的木梁，本来是留给孩子盖新房用的，但是因为农村都用混凝土盖房基本不再用传统木结构，刚好用于空间最大的禅堂作为屋架。禅堂是佛法修行最为重要的课程之一禅坐的场馆，高广严净，法师和居士学员们每天在这里进行禅坐入定，有时也会进行抄经、供灯等功课。另外，还有信众捐献了一块6.5长1米多宽的花梨木大板，刚好作为茶室的茶桌。茶室的木框架采购自旧建材市场，色调深浅、新旧不一别有一番韵味。茶室除了喝茶、聊天，平时也是大家诵经、讨论佛法的场所。禅修中心只在水池、禅堂的门、窗等细部处理上稍微用了些现代做法。

The whole adopts a traditional courtyard layout, using a brick-concrete structure and a traditional bucket-type wooden roof truss, which was built by the village constructors. Some villagers donated two 11-meter-long wooden beams, which were originally reserved for their children to build new houses. However, the traditional wooden structures are basically no longer used in the construction of concrete houses in rural areas,so they are rightly used as roof trusses in the largest Zen hall . The meditation hall is one of the most important courses in the practice of Buddhism. It is a venue full of Tall, broad, solemn and quiet for meditation. Masters and lay practitioners practice meditation and concentration here every day and sometimes they also do homework such as copying scriptures and offering lamps. In addition, there are certain believers who donated a large rosewood slab measuring 6.5 meters long plus 1 meter wide, which happened to be used as a tea table in the tea room. The wooden frame of the tea room is purchased from the old building materials market, with different from deep and light,the old and new, with a unique charm.In addition to drinking tea and chatting, the tea room is also a place for people to recite passages from scriptures and discuss Buddhism. The meditation center only uses modern methods in the details of the pool ，the doors and windows of the meditation hall.

  ▲ 禅修中心正立面 ? 胡文杰

  ▲茶室内部 ? 胡文杰

第二个，新建一个闭关院子，包括一个小佛堂和四间闭关室，可供四名深度禅修者闭关使用，内部小院可以行禅、练太极拳等。小院布局因地制宜，院门从侧边进入，门楼屋顶材质用了木结构和耐候钢板，与禅修中心和老寺庙的门楼各不相同，产生了变化。（闭关，指修行者独居一处，静修佛法，不与任何人交往，满一定期限才外出）。

The second is to build a retreat yard, including a small Buddhist hall and four retreat rooms, which can be used by four deep meditators to retreat. The inner courtyard can be used for walking meditation and Tai Chi exercises. The layout of the small courtyard is adapted to local conditions，the door of which is entered from the side. The roof material of the gate tower is made of wood structure and weather-resistant steel plate, which is different from the gate towers of the meditation center and the old temple. (Retreat means that the practitioner lives alone, meditates on the Dharma, does not associate with anyone, and goes out only after a certain period of time).

▲闭关室鸟瞰 ? 胡文杰

▲闭关室院外 ? 胡文杰

闭关室和禅修中心整体参照了龙岩当地的传统客家民居的形式和尺度。

The retreat room and the meditation center as a whole refer to the form and scale of the traditional Hakka dwellings in Longyan.

▲闭关室院门 ? 胡文杰

  ▲闭关室夜晚 ? 王善祥

第三个，修整原有老寺庙。寺庙地势较低，外观颜色以暗红色为主有些偏暗，这次将外墙重新设计了暖白色，色调更加明亮，使各院落相互之间更加协调一些。院内、室内、门窗、檐口等诸多局部细节做了调整优化，使之更加素净优雅。

The third is to renovate the original old temple. The terrain of the temple is low, and the exterior color is mainly dark red and somewhat dark. This time, the outer wall is redesigned with warm white, whose color is brighter, and the courtyards are more coordinated with each other. Many local details such as the courtyard, interior, doors and windows, cornices, etc. have been adjusted and optimized to make them more pure and elegant.

  ▲老寺庙远望 ?胡文杰

  ▲老寺庙院门 ?胡文杰

  ▲修整后的老寺庙院内 ?胡文杰

另外，各个院落之间联系的路径和周边景观也做了规划，当然景观的最大特色就是对周围绿水青山的融合与借景。

In addition, the paths connecting the courtyards and the surrounding landscape have also been planned. Of course, the biggest feature of the landscape is the integration and borrowing of the surrounding green waters and mountains.

清晨入古寺，初日照高林。曲径通幽处，禅房花木深。山光悦鸟性，潭影空人心。万籁此俱寂，但余钟磬音。

I entered this ancient temple early in the morning, and the rising sun shone on the mountains and forests. The winding path leads to the deep, and the Buddhist temple is hidden among the luxuriant flowers and trees.The bright scenery in the mountains makes the birds more joyous, the lake is clear and clear, and the shadows in the lake are all fascinating.At this moment, everything is silent and silent, leaving only the sound of bells and chimes.

设计之初，设计师想到了唐代诗人常建的诗《题破山寺后禅院》，并希望建成后随着岁月的久远能够越来越有古诗里所描写的意境。

At the beginning of the design, the designer thought of the poem "reveal the meditation house behind the mountain temple" written by Chang Jian, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, and hoped that ,with the passage of time, there will increasingly be the artistic conception described in the ancient poems after completion.

自然山水本来就是一幅幅画，设计师只是在风景中稍做点缀。有当地人说龙岩是山区，到处是这样的山，以前不觉得这里有什么稀奇，现在禅院建好了之后才发现这里风景原来这么漂亮。其实这应该只是建筑激活了很多人对山水风景的感知，使很多当地人开始对当地山水风景重新认识。

Natural landscapes are originally paintings, and the designer adds nothing more than a little bit of embellishment in the landscape. Some locals said that Longyan is a mountainous area, and there are such mountains everywhere. I didn't think it was any strange here before. Now, after the temple was built, it was discovered that the scenery here turned out to be so beautiful. In fact, it should only be that the architecture has activated many people's perception of the landscape, making many local people start to re-recognize the local landscape.

“不生不灭，不垢不净，不增不减”    

-《心经》

"Neither birth nor death, neither dirt nor clean, nor increase nor decrease"

-"Heart Sutra"

 自然建造 

Naturally built

寺庙一定要金碧辉煌么？一定要让人崇拜豪奢才能有信仰么？和佛陀的初心教导不矛盾么？寺庙建筑就不能向民居学习么？没有飞檐斗拱和雕龙刻凤的房子就不是寺庙了么？一个寺庙如果简洁质朴、节省造价是不是更符合佛法节制欲望和现代环保的理念？当下是一个物质丰富甚至过剩、人们对金钱极度贪求的时代，同时也是一个图像铺天盖地泛滥的时代，寺庙建设过份奢华不一定是件好事，容易将大众导向物质崇拜从而忽略了佛法的真实意义。

Must the temple be resplendent and magnificent? Must people worship luxury to have faith? Doesn't it contradict the Buddha's original teaching? Can't temple architecture learn from folk houses? Isn't a house called temple without Cornices, brackets and carved dragons and phoenixes ? If a temple is concise and simple, and cost-saving, is it more in line with the Buddhist desire for restraint and the modern concept of environmental protection If a temple is concise and simple, and cost-saving? The present is an era of rich or even surplus materials, and,at the same time, people's extreme greed for money. It is also an era of overwhelming images. Excessively chasing temple construction is not necessarily so for a good thing. It is easy to lead the masses toward material worship and ignore the true meaning of Buddhism.

关于自然，可以是指整个宇宙空间，可以指城市外的郊野山水环境，同时，自然还是一种人与世界相处的态度。在山水环境的自然中建房子，如果建的差就会减分，不但破坏山水之美还会觉得房子多余。如果建的好就会给自然加分，而且也会觉得那房子就应该在那里，正如南朝梁代禅师傅大士所作的诗偈：

Regarding nature,not only can it refer to the entire universe, but it can refer to the countryside,mountains and waters outside the city as well. At the same time, nature is also an attitude of people to get along with the world. If you build a house in the nature of the mountain and water environment, you will lose points if you build it poorly. Not only will it destroy the beauty of the landscape, but you will also feel that the house is redundant. If it is built well, it will add points to nature, and it will also feel that the house should be there, just like the poem written by the Zen master，Fudashi, of the Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties:

有物先天地，无形本寂寥。

能为万象主，不逐四时凋。

There is a kind of "thing" that is true as nature, it precedes the heaven and the earth, and there is it when there is no heaven and the earth. Its authenticity has no form and is everywhere. The Ten Dharma Realm is sacred and majestic because it manifests itself, so it is the "master of all illusions." All illusions will change, but it will not change with time.

既然要建就尽量给山水环境加分。设计前，得知当地村里的一些施工人员可能看不懂现代图纸，于是设计以“低技”作为主要策略，不去追求精致和华丽，尽量保持一定的粗放和质朴，有些局部也可以由师傅们去发挥。这点也像中国写意山水画，营造意境但并不追求精致。禅修中心和闭关房所用的材质尽量显现原有的色彩和质地，基本没有雕琢，建设期间法师收了一些旧砖瓦和木料用了上去，还有一些花草、枯木、顽石在各个院落内外作为点缀，增添了岁月的枯荣痕迹和灵动气息。

Since it is to be built, one should exert every effort to add points to the landscape. Before the design, I learned that some construction workers in the local village might not understand modern drawings, so the design adopted "low skill" as the main strategy, instead of pursuing exquisiteness and magnificence, trying to maintain a certain degree of extensiveness and simplicity as well as some parts can also be made by the workers . This is also like Chinese freehand landscape painting, which creates an artistic conception but does not pursue refinement. The materials used in the meditation center and the retreat rooms show the original colors and textures as much as possible, basically not carved. During the construction, some old bricks and wood materials collected by master were used. There are also some flowers, dead wood, and stubborn stones inside and outside the courtyards as an embellishment, which adds traces of withering and glory of years and agility.

“贪著禅味是菩萨缚，以方便生是菩萨解”

-《维摩诘经》文殊师利问疾品第五

"Craving the taste of Zen is the bondage of the Bodhisattva, and to facilitate life is the solution of the Bodhisattva."

-"Vimalakirti Sutra" Manjusri's Questioning Product No. 5

 传统文脉 

Traditional context

中国佛寺建筑的前身是汉代官府机构“寺”的办公场馆，在汉代第一个被作为洛阳白马寺之后，“寺”逐步演变成了佛教活动的场馆，其建筑也是以官府建筑的样式为原型逐步发展。今天，中国佛教建筑思想已经非常固化，佛寺建筑在模拟王宫相府、飞檐斗拱的窠臼中停步不前，与时代严重脱节，若稍有所突破就往往会被看成“不正统”、“不正确”，对所谓“古色古香”的贪著已经成了一种自我束缚。

The predecessor of the Chinese Buddhist temple building was the office venue of the official institution "Temple" in the Han Dynasty. After the first as the Baima Temple in Luoyang in the Han Dynasty, the "Temple" gradually evolved into a venue for Buddhist activities. Gradually develop. Today, Chinese Buddhist architectural thinking has been very solidified. The architecture of Buddhist temples is stagnant in the mortar that simulates the palace of the palace and the flying eaves. It is seriously out of touch with the times. If there is a slight breakthrough, it will often be regarded as "unorthodox." Incorrect", the greed for the so-called "quaint" has become a kind of self-restraint.

龙岩地区是中国客家文化重镇，尤其是永定县和临近漳州南靖县的土楼举世闻名，但是除了大型土楼，遗留最多的其实是普通夯土民居，不过现在只有很少的人还住在这种房子里，大部分都在空置、损毁。根据客家文化历史考证，这种房子主要继承了自汉末以降的中原民居传统，以遮风挡雨的基本功能为主形成了大气、简朴的气质，也是汉唐建筑的主要特征，新建的禅修中心和闭关房就是参考了当地客家民居的这些传统特点，使人感受平常心，而没有向明清寺庙以雕龙刻凤特点为主的传统学习。

Longyan area is an important town of Hakka culture in China, especially the earth buildings in Yongding County and Nanjing County near Zhangzhou are world-famous. However, apart from large earth buildings, the most leftovers are in fact ordinary rammed earth dwellings, but few people still live in them. Most of the houses are vacant and damaged. According to the textual research of Hakka culture and history, this kind of house mainly inherits the tradition of Central Plains dwellings since the end of Han Dynasty. It mainly forms the atmosphere and simplicity of the basic functions of sheltering from wind and rain. It is also the main feature of Han and Tang architecture. Newly built meditation The center and the retreat rooms are based on these traditional characteristics of the local Hakka dwellings, and make people feel ordinary, instead of learning from the traditional features of carving dragons and phoenixes in Ming and Qing temples.

“云何菩萨入不二法门”

-《维摩诘经》入不二法门品第九

"Why saying that Bodhisattvas use unique and best methods?"

-"Vimalakirti", the ninth item of the indulgence method

 取舍之间 

Between trade-offs

谈到佛法，很多人往往会想到一个词“放下”，事实上，我们不可能拿起所有事物，也不可能放下所有事物。

When talking about Buddhism, many people often think of the word "let down". In fact, we cannot pick up everything, nor can we let go of everything.

项目自始至终，什么该拿，什么该放，与法师一直保持十分默契的沟通。设计不刻意古典，也不刻意现代；不刻意超前，也就无所谓落后；对于设想的结果，不强求，不放弃。最终建好一个适合当下、适合当地的寺庙空间。

From the beginning to the end of the project, what should be taken, what should be released, and the Master has always maintained a very tacit communication. The design is not deliberately classical, nor deliberately modern; if you don't deliberately go ahead, you don't have to be backward; don't force or give up on the result of your imagination. Finally, a temple space suitable for the present and local area was built.

建筑空间与周围环境通过大玻璃窗相互融合是一种典型的方式，但如果空间封闭不向环境打开视野，难道就不能相互融合了吗？比如禅定就是另一种和世界沟通的方式，盘腿、闭目、入静，并非不再与世界交流。三个院落都是传统式内向空间，对外封闭，利于修行功课，因此并不需要像现代建筑一样以向外敞开视野的方式来和外部沟通。

The architectural space and the surrounding environment are integrated with each other through large glass windows. However, if the space is closed and does not open the view to the environment, can it not be integrated with each other? For example, meditation is another way of communicating with the world. Cross-legged, closed eyes, and quietness are not about no longer communicating with the world. The three courtyards are all traditional inward-looking spaces, which are closed to the outside, which is conducive to the practice of homework. Therefore, there is no need to communicate with the outside in a way that opens up the view to the outside like modern buildings.

“若永除三毒，常净六根，身心湛然，内外清净，是名修伽蓝（寺庙）”

-《达摩破相论》

"If removing the three poisons forever, always purifying the six roots, energizing in body and mind, and cleaning inside and out, it is the real master. (temple)"

-"Dharma Breaking Phase Theory"

 真实目标 

Real goal

宗教与修行其实是两件事，宗教是入世的事，修行是出世的事，但是两者又很难分开，都要借助我们的肉身和物质世界才能进行。

Religion and practice are actually two things. Religion is a matter of entering the world, and practice is a matter of being born out of the world. However, it is difficult to separate the two, and they can only be carried out with the help of our physical body and the material world.

佛法是教人们认识世界和自己的一种方法，在对世界和自己有了最为真实的了解之后再去调整自己的行为，以更好的状态去面对世界和生活，包括建筑在内的佛教艺术就是帮助人认识世界和自己的一种辅助工具。艺术美，只是一种手段而非修行的非最终目标。寺庙这次建设的主要发心就是帮助前来学习佛法的人有个更好的修行场所，通过艺术之美，首先使人身心宁静，再进一步获得更高的身心境界。

Buddhism is a way to teach people to understand the world and themselves. After they have the most true understanding of the world and themselves, they can adjust their behavior and face the world and life in a better state. Buddhism including architecture Art is an auxiliary tool to help people understand the world and themselves. Artistic beauty is just a means and not a non-final goal of practice. The main motivation of the construction of the temple is to help those who come to learn Buddhism to have a better place for practice. Through the beauty of art, it will firstly calm people's body and mind, and then further gain a higher physical and mental state.

 

“凡所有相，皆是虚妄，若见诸相非相即见如来”

-《金刚经》第五品 如理实见分

"All the sights in the world are false. Provided that seeing all the scenery is not scenery,you must seen Buddha."

-The fifth article of "Diamond Sutra"

 技术图纸 

DRAWINGS

△ 禅修中心总平面

△ 闭关室总平面

△ 禅修中心设计草图

△ 禅修中心设计草图

△ 禅修中心设计草图

△ 茶室设计草图

△ 闭关室设计草图

△ 闭关室设计草图

△ 老寺庙设计草图

△ 禅堂立面图

△ 禅堂剖面图

△ 禅堂混凝土框架图

△ 茶室立面图

△ 闭关院立面图

山禅水定

项目名称：福建龙岩大和禅院扩建设计

坐落地点：福建省龙岩市新罗区大池镇大和村西

设计内容：建筑、室内、景观

总占地面积：约5000㎡

建筑面积：新建禅修中心910㎡，新建闭关室95㎡，老寺庙修整约300㎡。

设计单位：上海善祥建筑设计公司

设计：王善祥      

设计团队:李哲、龚双艳、王善辉

禅修中心与闭关房结构形式：砖混（混凝土构造梁柱、砖墙、传统穿斗式木结构屋架）

主要材质：混凝土、黏土砖、杉木、传统纸筋灰、旧青砖、水泥砂浆、陶瓦、石材

摄影：胡文杰/www.pdoing.com  （其中少量为王善祥）

设计时间：2015年起  施工时间：2016~2021年

Zen’ scenery poetry in the landscape

Project Name: Expansion and design of Dahe Temple in Longyan, Fujian

Location: West of Dahe Village, Dachi Town, Xinluo District, Longyan City, Fujian Province

Design content: architecture, interior, landscape

Total area: about 5000 square meters

Building area: Newly built Meditation Center 910 ㎡, newly built Meditation room 95㎡, old temple renovated about 300㎡.

Design unit: Shanghai Shanxiang Architectural Design Company

Design: Wang Shanxiang Design Team: Li Zhe, Gong Shuangyan, Wang Shanhui

The structure of the meditation center and the closed room: brick-concrete (concrete beams and columns, brick walls, traditional bucket-type wooden roof trusses)

Main materials: concrete, clay bricks, fir, traditional paper-reinforced ash, old blue bricks, cement mortar, terracotta, stone

Photography: Hu Wenjie/www.pdoing.com (a few of which are Wang Shanxiang)

Design time: since 2015     construction time: 2016~2021